前言
关于python版本,我一开始看很多资料说python2比较好,因为很多库还不支持3,但是使用到现在为止觉得还是pythin3比较好用,因为编码什么的问题,觉得2还是没有3方便。而且在网上找到的2中的一些资料稍微改一下也还是可以用。
好了,开始说爬百度百科的事。
这里设定的需求是爬取北京地区n个景点的全部信息,n个景点的名称是在文件中给出的。没有用到api,只是单纯的爬网页信息。
1、根据关键字获取url
由于只需要爬取信息,而且不涉及交互,可以使用简单的方法而不需要模拟浏览器。
可以直接
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<strong>http: / / baike.baidu.com / search / word?word = "guanjianci" < / strong> |
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<strong> for < / strong>l <strong> in < / strong>view_names: <strong> '''http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=''' < / strong><em> # 得到url的方法 < / em><em> < / em>name = urllib.parse.quote(l) name.encode(<strong> 'utf-8' < / strong>) url = <strong> 'http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=' < / strong> + name |
这里要注意关键词是中午所以要注意编码问题,由于url中不能出现空格,所以需要用quote
函数处理一下。
关于quote():
在 Python2.x 中的用法是:urllib.quote(text)
。Python3.x 中是urllib.parse.quote(text)
。按照标准,URL只允许一部分ASCII 字符(数字字母和部分符号),其他的字符(如汉字)是不符合URL标准的。所以URL中使用其他字符就需要进行URL编码。URL中传参数的部分(query String),格式是:name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3
。假如你的name或者value值中的『&』或者『=』等符号,就当然会有问题。所以URL中的参数字符串也需要把『&=』等符号进行编码。URL编码的方式是把需要编码的字符转化为%xx的形式。通常URL编码是基于UTF-8的(当然这和浏览器平台有关)
例子:
比如『我,unicode 为 0x6211,UTF-8编码为0xE60x880x91,URL编码就是 %E6%88%91。
Python的urllib库中提供了quote
和quote_plus
两种方法。这两种方法的编码范围不同。不过不用深究,这里用quote
就够了。
2、下载url
用urllib库轻松实现,见下面的代码中def download(self,url)
3、利用Beautifulsoup获取html
4、数据分析
百科中的内容是并列的段,所以在爬的时候不能自然的按段逻辑存储(因为全都是并列的)。所以必须用正则的方法。
基本的想法就是把整个html文件看做是str,然后用正则的方法截取想要的内容,在重新把这段内容转换成beautifulsoup
对象,然后在进一步处理。
可能要花些时间看一下正则。
代码中还有很多细节,忘了再查吧只能,下次绝对应该边做编写文档,或者做完马上写。。。
贴代码!
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# coding:utf-8 ''' function:爬取百度百科所有北京景点, author:yi ''' import urllib.request from urllib.request import urlopen from urllib.error import HTTPError import urllib.parse from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import re import codecs import json class BaikeCraw( object ): def __init__( self ): self .urls = set () self .view_datas = {} def craw( self ,filename): urls = self .getUrls(filename) if urls = = None : print ( "not found" ) else : for urll in urls: print (urll) try : html_count = self .download(urll) self .passer(urll, html_count) except : print ( "view do not exist" ) '''file=self.view_datas["view_name"] self.craw_pic(urll,file,html_count) print(file)''' def getUrls ( self , filename): new_urls = set () file_object = codecs. open (filename, encoding = 'utf-16' , ) try : all_text = file_object.read() except : print ( "文件打开异常!" ) file_object.close() file_object.close() view_names = all_text.split( " " ) for l in view_names: if '?' in l: view_names.remove(l) for l in view_names: '''http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=''' # 得到url的方法 name = urllib.parse.quote(l) name.encode( 'utf-8' ) url = 'http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=' + name new_urls.add(url) print (new_urls) return new_urls def manger( self ): pass def passer( self ,urll,html_count): soup = BeautifulSoup(html_count, 'html.parser' , from_encoding = 'utf_8' ) self ._get_new_data(urll, soup) return def download( self ,url): if url is None : return None response = urllib.request.urlopen(url) if response.getcode() ! = 200 : return None return response.read() def _get_new_data( self , url, soup): ##得到数据 if soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "main-content" ).find( 'h1' ) is not None : self .view_datas[ "view_name" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "main-content" ).find( 'h1' ).get_text() #景点名 print ( self .view_datas[ "view_name" ]) else : self .view_datas[ "view_name" ] = soup.find( "div" , class_ = "feature_poster" ).find( "h1" ).get_text() self .view_datas[ "view_message" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "lemma-summary" ).get_text() #简介 self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "basic-info cmn-clearfix" ).get_text() #基本信息 self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ].split( "\n" ) get = [] for line in self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ]: if line ! = "": get.append(line) self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = get i = 1 get2 = [] tmp = "%%" for line in self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ]: if i % 2 = = 1 : tmp = line else : a = tmp + ":" + line get2.append(a) i = i + 1 self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = get2 self .view_datas[ "catalog" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "lemma-catalog" ).get_text().split( "\n" ) #目录整体 get = [] for line in self .view_datas[ "catalog" ]: if line ! = "": get.append(line) self .view_datas[ "catalog" ] = get #########################百科内容 view_name = self .view_datas[ "view_name" ] html = urllib.request.urlopen(url) soup2 = BeautifulSoup(html.read(), 'html.parser' ).decode( 'utf-8' ) p = re. compile (r'', re.DOTALL) # 尾 r = p.search(content_data_node) content_data = content_data_node[ 0 :r.span( 0 )[ 0 ]] lists = content_data.split('') i = 1 for list in lists: #每一大块 final_soup = BeautifulSoup( list , "html.parser" ) name_list = None try : part_name = final_soup.find( 'h2' , class_ = "title-text" ).get_text().replace(view_name, '').strip() part_data = final_soup.get_text().replace(view_name, ' ').replace(part_name, ' ').replace(' 编辑 ', ' ') # 历史沿革 name_list = final_soup.findAll( 'h3' , class_ = "title-text" ) all_name_list = {} na = "part_name" + str (i) all_name_list[na] = part_name final_name_list = [] ########### for nlist in name_list: nlist = nlist.get_text().replace(view_name, '').strip() final_name_list.append(nlist) fin = "final_name_list" + str (i) all_name_list[fin] = final_name_list print (all_name_list) i = i + 1 #正文 try : p = re. compile (r'', re.DOTALL) final_soup = final_soup.decode( 'utf-8' ) r = p.search(final_soup) final_part_data = final_soup[r.span( 0 )[ 0 ]:] part_lists = final_part_data.split('') for part_list in part_lists: final_part_soup = BeautifulSoup(part_list, "html.parser" ) content_lists = final_part_soup.findAll( "div" , class_ = "para" ) for content_list in content_lists: # 每个最小段 try : pic_word = content_list.find( "div" , try : pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述 content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, ' ').replace(pic_word2, ' ') except : content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, '') except : try : pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述 content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word2, '') except : content_list = content_list.get_text() r_part = re. compile (r '\[\d.\]|\[\d\]' ) part_result, number = re.subn(r_part, "", content_list) part_result = "".join(part_result.split()) #print(part_result) except : final_part_soup = BeautifulSoup( list , "html.parser" ) content_lists = final_part_soup.findAll( "div" , class_ = "para" ) for content_list in content_lists: try : pic_word = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述 try : pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述 content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, ' ').replace(pic_word2, ' ') except : content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, '') except : try : pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述 content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word2, '') except : content_list = content_list.get_text() r_part = re. compile (r '\[\d.\]|\[\d\]' ) part_result, number = re.subn(r_part, "", content_list) part_result = "".join(part_result.split()) #print(part_result) except : print ( "error" ) return def output( self ,filename): json_data = json.dumps( self .view_datas, ensure_ascii = False , indent = 2 ) fout = codecs. open (filename + '.json' , 'a' , encoding = 'utf-16' , ) fout.write( json_data) # print(json_data) return def craw_pic( self ,url,filename,html_count): soup = BeautifulSoup(html_count, 'html.parser' , from_encoding = 'utf_8' ) node_pic = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = 'banner' ).find( "a" , href = re. compile ( "/photo/poi/....\." )) if node_pic is None : return None else : part_url_pic = node_pic[ 'href' ] full_url_pic = urllib.parse.urljoin(url,part_url_pic) #print(full_url_pic) try : html_pic = urlopen(full_url_pic) except HTTPError as e: return None soup_pic = BeautifulSoup(html_pic.read()) pic_node = soup_pic.find( 'div' , class_ = "album-list" ) print (pic_node) return if __name__ = = "__main__" : spider = BaikeCraw() filename = "D:\PyCharm\\view_spider\\view_points_part.txt" spider.craw(filename) |
总结
用python3根据关键词爬取百度百科的内容到这就基本结束了,希望这篇文章能对大家学习python有所帮助。