在使用Scrapy爬取数据时,有时会碰到需要根据传递给Spider的参数来决定爬取哪些Url或者爬取哪些页的情况。
例如,百度贴吧的放置奇兵吧的地址如下,其中 kw参数用来指定贴吧名称、pn参数用来对帖子进行翻页。
https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=放置奇兵&ie=utf-8&pn=250
如果我们希望通过参数传递的方式将贴吧名称和页数等参数传给Spider,来控制我们要爬取哪一个贴吧、爬取哪些页。遇到这种情况,有以下两种方法向Spider传递参数。
方式一
通过 scrapy crawl 命令的 -a 参数向 spider 传递参数。
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy class TiebaSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'tieba' # 贴吧爬虫 allowed_domains = [ 'tieba.baidu.com' ] # 允许爬取的范围 start_urls = [] # 爬虫起始地址 # 命令格式: scrapy crawl tieba -a tiebaName=放置奇兵 -a pn=250 def __init__( self , tiebaName = None , pn = None , * args, * * kwargs): print ( '< 贴吧名称 >: ' + tiebaName) super ( eval ( self .__class__.__name__), self ).__init__( * args, * * kwargs) self .start_urls = [ 'https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%s&ie=utf-8&pn=%s' % (tiebaName,pn)] def parse( self , response): print (response.request.url) # 结果:https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%A5%87%E5%85%B5&ie=utf-8&pn=250 |
方式二
仿照 scrapy 的 crawl 命令的源代码,重新自定义一个专用命令。
settings.py
首先,需要在settings.py文件中增加如下配置来指定自定义 scrapy 命令的存放目录。
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# 指定 Scrapy 命令存放目录 COMMANDS_MODULE = 'baidu_tieba.commands' |
run.py
在指定的命令存放目录中创建命令文件,在这里我们创建的命令文件为 run.py ,将来执行的命令格式为:
scrapy run [ -option option_value]
。
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import scrapy.commands.crawl as crawl from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand class Command(crawl.Command): def add_options( self , parser): # 为命令添加选项 ScrapyCommand.add_options( self , parser) parser.add_option( "-k" , "--keyword" , type = "str" , dest = "keyword" , default = "", help = "set the tieba's name you want to crawl" ) parser.add_option( "-p" , "--pageNum" , type = "int" , action = "store" , dest = "pageNum" , default = 0 , help = "set the page number you want to crawl" ) def process_options( self , args, opts): # 处理从命令行中传入的选项参数 ScrapyCommand.process_options( self , args, opts) if opts.keyword: tiebaName = opts.keyword.strip() if tiebaName ! = '': self .settings. set ( 'TIEBA_NAME' , tiebaName, priority = 'cmdline' ) else : raise UsageError( "U must specify the tieba's name to crawl,use -kw TIEBA_NAME!" ) self .settings. set ( 'PAGE_NUM' , opts.pageNum, priority = 'cmdline' ) def run( self , args, opts): # 启动爬虫 self .crawler_process.crawl( 'tieba' ) self .crawler_process.start() |
pipelines.py
在BaiduTiebaPipeline的open_spider()方法中利用 run 命令传入的参数对TiebaSpider进行初始化,在这里示例设置了一下start_urls。
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import json class BaiduTiebaPipeline( object ): @classmethod def from_settings( cls , settings): return cls (settings) def __init__( self , settings): self .settings = settings def open_spider( self , spider): # 开启爬虫 spider.start_urls = [ 'https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%s&ie=utf-8&pn=%s' % ( self .settings[ 'TIEBA_NAME' ], self .settings[ 'PAGE_NUM' ])] def close_spider( self , spider): # 关闭爬虫 pass def process_item( self , item, spider): # 将帖子内容保存到文件 with open ( 'tieba.txt' , 'a' , encoding = 'utf-8' ) as f: json.dump( dict (item), f, ensure_ascii = False , indent = 2 ) return item |
设置完成后,别忘了在settings.py中启用BaiduTiebaPipeline。
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ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'baidu_tieba.pipelines.BaiduTiebaPipeline' : 50 , } |
启动示例
大功告成,参照如下命令格式启动贴吧爬虫。
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scrapy run - k 放置奇兵 - p 250 |
参考文章:
https://blog.csdn.net/c0411034/article/details/81750028
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_24760381/article/details/80361400
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38282706/article/details/80991196
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/pengjunlee/article/details/90604736