Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
1. GET请求
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# 1、无参数实例 import requests ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print(ret.url)print(ret.text)# 2、有参数实例 import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) print(ret.url)print(ret.text) |
2. POST请求
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# 1、基本POST实例 import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) print(ret.text) # 2、发送请求头和数据实例 import requestsimport json url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'payload = {'some': 'data'}headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print(ret.text)print(ret.cookies) |
3. 其它请求
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requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)requests.head(url, **kwargs)requests.delete(url, **kwargs)requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建requests.request(method, url, **kwargs) |
4. 请求参数
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def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> """ |
5. 参数示例
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def param_method_url(): # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') passdef param_param(): # - 可以是字典 # - 可以是字符串 # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内） # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3") # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) # 错误 # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) passdef param_data(): # 可以是字典 # 可以是字符串 # 可以是字节 # 可以是文件对象 # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4" # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4", # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) passdef param_json(): # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...) # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})def param_headers(): # 发送请求头到服务器端 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}, headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} )def param_cookies(): # 发送Cookie到服务器端 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, ) # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装） from http.cookiejar import CookieJar from http.cookiejar import Cookie obj = CookieJar() obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) ) requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj)def param_files(): # 发送文件 # file_dict = { # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb') # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb')) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) passdef param_auth(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1', # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin')) # ret.encoding = 'gbk' # print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')) # print(ret) #def param_timeout(): # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) # print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) # print(ret) passdef param_allow_redirects(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) print(ret.text)def param_proxies(): # proxies = { # "http": "61.172.249.96:80", # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128", # } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) # print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth # # proxyDict = { # 'http': '77.75.105.165', # 'https': '77.75.105.165' # } # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') # # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) # print(r.text) passdef param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: # # 在此处理响应。 # for i in r.iter_content(): # print(i)def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text) |
6. requests模拟登陆GitHub
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import requestsfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupdef login_github(): """ 通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub :return: """ # 获取csrf_token r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 获得get请求的对象 s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML对象 token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 获取登陆授权码，即csrf_token get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 获取get请求的cookies，post请求时必须携带 # 发送post登陆请求 ''' post登陆参数 commit Sign+in utf8 ✓ authenticity_token E961jQMIyC9NPwL54YPj70gv2hbXWJ…fTUd+e4lT5RAizKbfzQo4eRHsfg== login JackUpDown（用户名） password **********（密码） ''' r2 = requests.post( 'https://github.com/session', data={ 'commit': 'Sign+in', 'utf8': '✓', 'authenticity_token': token, 'login': 'JackUpDown', 'password': '**********' }, cookies=get_cookies # 携带get请求的cookies ) login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 获得登陆成功的cookies，携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面 # 携带post cookies跳转任意页面 r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies) print(r3.text) |
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/OldJack/p/7445595.html
