最近在做游戏服务分层的时候,一直想把mysql的访问独立成一个单独的服务DBGate,原因如下:
请求收拢到DBGate,可以使DBGate变为无状态的,方便横向扩展
当请求量或者存储量变大时,mysql需要做分库分表,DBGate可以内部直接处理,外界无感知
通过restful限制对数据请求的形式,仅支持简单的get/post/patch/put 进行增删改查,并不支持复杂查询。这个也是和游戏业务的特性有关,如果网站等需要复杂查询的业务,对此并不适合
DBGate使用多进程模式,方便控制与mysql之间的链接数,进行mysql访问量阀值保护
方便在DBGate上进行访问量统计,慢查询统计、权限控制等等一系列逻辑
目前是使用python,以后要使用其他语言进行mysql操作时,只要进行标准的http请求即可,不会出现不兼容的情况
当然坏处也是有的:
首当其冲就是单次请求的响应时间变长,毕竟中间加了一层服务,并且还是http格式
部署上比原来复杂了一些,很多对mysql直接操作的思维需要进行转变,一开始可能会有些不适
不过总的来说,还是利大于弊,所以最终还是决定搭建DBGate
当然,我们不可能去手工挨个写每个库表对应的restful服务,值得庆幸的是django和flask都提供了对应的解决方案,我们一个个介绍.
Flask
参考链接: flask-restless
flask-restless使用方法比较简单,我直接贴一下代码即可:
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import datetime from flask import Flask from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy from flask_restless import APIManager app = Flask(__name__) db = SQLAlchemy(app) restless = APIManager(app, flask_sqlalchemy_db = db) class User(db.Model): """ user """ id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key = True ) username = db.Column(db.String( 255 ), unique = True , nullable = False ) password = db.Column(db.String( 255 ), nullable = False ) create_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable = False , default = datetime.datetime.utcnow) login_time = db.Column(db.DateTime) restless.create_api(User, methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' , 'DELETE' , 'PATCH' , 'PUT' ], results_per_page = 100 ) db.create_all() if __name__ = = '__main__' : app.run(port = 25000 ) |
其对应的restful操作如下:
获取用户列表: GET /user
添加用户: POST /user
获取单个用户: GET /user/1
覆盖单个用户: PUT /user/1
修改单个用户: PATCH /user/1
注意:
在http请求中,记得加入header: Content-Type: application/json
flask-restless中,PUT和PATCH一样,都是传入什么字段,只修改什么字段,不会完全覆盖
Django
参考链接: Django REST framework
Django用起来要更复杂一些,也因为django版自带了一个可视化的操作页面,如下:
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1. 在settings中添加:
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REST_FRAMEWORK = { # Use hyperlinked styles by default. # Only used if the `serializer_class` attribute is not set on a view. 'DEFAULT_MODEL _SERIALIZER_CLASS' : 'rest_framework.serializers .HyperlinkedModelSerializer' , # Use Django's standard `django.contrib.auth` permissions, # or allow read-only access for unauthenticated users. 'DEFAULT _PERMISSION_CLASSES' : [ #'rest_framework.permissions .DjangoModelPermissionsOrAnonReadOnly', 'rest_framework .permissions.IsAdminUser' , ] } |
2. 通过startapp建立一个app: demo
3. 修改demo的models:
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class User(models.Model): # key是保留字 password = models.IntegerField() nick = models.CharField(max_length = 255 ) create_time = models.DateTimeField(default = datetime.datetime.now) |
4. 在demo下新建serializers.py
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class User(models.Model): # key是保留字 password = models.IntegerField() nick = models.CharField(max_length = 255 ) create_time = models.DateTimeField(default = datetime.datetime.now) |
5. 在demo下修改views.py
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from django.shortcuts import render from rest_framework import viewsets from serializers import UserSerializer from models import User class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): queryset = User.objects. all () serializer_class = UserSerializer |
6. 在demo下新建urls.py
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import os.path from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url from django.conf.urls.static import static from django.conf import settings import views from rest_framework import routers appname = os.path.basename (os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) router = routers.DefaultRouter() router.register( 'users' , views.UserViewSet, appname) urlpatterns = patterns('', url(r '^' , include(router.urls)), ) |
7. 在mysite.urls下include demo.urls和rest_framework.urls
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urlpatterns = patterns('', url(r '^demo/' , include( 'demo.urls' )), url(r '^admin/' , include(admin.site.urls)), url(r '^api-auth/' , include( 'rest_framework.urls' , namespace = 'rest_framework' )) ) |
8. 执行初始化数据操作:
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python manage.py syncdb |
之后访问: http://127.0.0.1:8000/demo 即可看到如下界面了:
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对应的测试代码如下:
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import json import requests from urlparse import urljoin BASE_URL = 'http://127.0.0.1:16500/' AUTH = ( 'admin' , 'admin' ) def test_get_user_list(): rsp = requests.get(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/' ), auth = AUTH, headers = { 'Accept' : 'application/json' }) assert rsp.ok def test_post_user_list(): json_data = dict ( password = 0 , nick = 'oo' , create_time = '2014-03-3T03:3:3' ) rsp = requests.post(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/' ), auth = AUTH, headers = { 'Accept' : 'application/json' , 'Content-Type' : 'application/json' , }, data = json.dumps(json_data)) assert rsp.ok def test_get_user(): rsp = requests.get(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/1' ), auth = AUTH, headers = { 'Accept' : 'application/json' , 'Content-Type' : 'application/json' , }) assert rsp.ok def test_put_user(): json_data = dict ( password = 100 , nick = 'xx' , create_time = '2014-03-3T03:3:3' ) # 注意最后的 / rsp = requests.put(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/1/' ), auth = AUTH, headers = { 'Accept' : 'application/json' , 'Content-Type' : 'application/json' , }, data = json.dumps(json_data), ) assert rsp.ok, rsp.status_code def test_patch_user(): json_data = dict ( password = 300 , ) rsp = requests.patch(urljoin(BASE_URL, '/demo/users/1/' ), auth = AUTH, headers = { 'Accept' : 'application/json' , 'Content-Type' : 'application/json' , }, data = json.dumps(json_data), ) assert rsp.ok, rsp.status_code |
Django REST framework 是严格区分PUT和PATCH的,这一点和flask-restless 不一样,需要注意。
总结
以上所述是小编给大家介绍的使用python为mysql实现restful接口,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的。在此也非常感谢大家对服务器之家网站的支持!
原文链接:http://www.uml.org.cn/wfw/201712294.asp?utm_source=tuicool&utm_medium=referral