本文实例讲述了Python实现的井字棋（Tic Tac Toe）游戏。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：
说明
用python实现了井字棋，整个框架是本人自己构思的，自认为比较满意。另外，90%+的代码也是本人逐字逐句敲的。
minimax算法还没完全理解，所以参考了这里的代码，并作了修改。
特点
可以选择人人、人机、机人、机机四种对战模式之一
电脑玩家的AI使用了minimax算法，带apha-beta剪枝
电脑玩家在思考时，时时刻刻都有一个“假想敌”。以便使得minimax算法运转起来
代码
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
|
#作者：hhh5460#时间：2017年6月26日# 棋盘class Board(object): def __init__(self): #self._board = '-'*9 # 坑！！ self._board = ['-' for _ in range(9)] self._history = [] # 棋谱 # 按指定动作，放入棋子 def _move(self, action, take): if self._board[action] == '-': self._board[action] = take self._history.append((action, take)) # 加入棋谱 # 撤销动作，拿走棋子 def _unmove(self, action): self._board[action] = '-' self._history.pop() # 棋盘快照 def get_board_snapshot(self): return self._board[:] # 取棋盘上的合法走法 def get_legal_actions(self): actions = [] for i in range(9): if self._board[i] == '-': actions.append(i) return actions # 判断走法是否合法 def is_legal_action(self, action): return self._board[action] == '-' # 终止检测 def teminate(self): board = self._board lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]] if ['X']*3 in lines or ['O']*3 in lines or '-' not in board: return True else: return False # 胜负检查 def get_winner(self): board = self._board lines = [board[0:3], board[3:6], board[6:9], board[0::3], board[1::3], board[2::3], board[0::4], board[2:7:2]] if ['X']*3 in lines: return 0 elif ['O']*3 in lines: return 1 else: return 2 # 打印棋盘 def print_b(self): board = self._board for i in range(len(board)): print(board[i], end='') if (i+1)%3 == 0: print() # 打印棋谱 def print_history(self): print(self._history)# 玩家class Player(object): ''' 玩家只做两件事：思考、落子 1. 思考 --> 得到走法 2. 落子 --> 执行走法，改变棋盘 ''' def __init__(self, take='X'): # 默认执的棋子为 take = 'X' self.take=take def think(self, board): pass def move(self, board, action): board._move(action, self.take)# 人类玩家class HumanPlayer(Player): def __init__(self, take): super().__init__(take) def think(self, board): while True: action = input('Please input a num in 0-8:') if len(action)==1 and action in '012345678' and board.is_legal_action(int(action)): return int(action)# 电脑玩家class AIPlayer(Player): def __init__(self, take): super().__init__(take) def think(self, board): print('AI is thinking ...') take = ['X','O'][self.take=='X'] player = AIPlayer(take) # 假想敌！！！ _, action = self.minimax(board, player) #print('OK') return action # 极大极小法搜索，α-β剪枝 def minimax(self, board, player, depth=0) : '''参考：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44089757/minimax-algorithm-for-tic-tac-toe-python''' if self.take == "O": bestVal = -10 else: bestVal = 10 if board.teminate() : if board.get_winner() == 0 : return -10 + depth, None elif board.get_winner() == 1 : return 10 - depth, None elif board.get_winner() == 2 : return 0, None for action in board.get_legal_actions() : # 遍历合法走法 board._move(action, self.take) val, _ = player.minimax(board, self, depth+1) # 切换到 假想敌！！！ board._unmove(action) # 撤销走法，回溯 if self.take == "O" : if val > bestVal: bestVal, bestAction = val, action else : if val < bestVal: bestVal, bestAction = val, action return bestVal, bestAction# 游戏class Game(object): def __init__(self): self.board = Board() self.current_player = None # 生成玩家 def mk_player(self, p, take='X'): # p in [0,1] if p==0: return HumanPlayer(take) else: return AIPlayer(take) # 切换玩家 def switch_player(self, player1, player2): if self.current_player is None: return player1 else: return [player1, player2][self.current_player == player1] # 打印赢家 def print_winner(self, winner): # winner in [0,1,2] print(['Winner is player1','Winner is player2','Draw'][winner]) # 运行游戏 def run(self): ps = input("Please select two player's type:\n\t0.Human\n\t1.AI\nSuch as:0 0\n") p1, p2 = [int(p) for p in ps.split(' ')] player1, player2 = self.mk_player(p1, 'X'), self.mk_player(p2, 'O') # 先手执X，后手执O print('\nGame start!\n') self.board.print_b() # 显示棋盘 while True: self.current_player = self.switch_player(player1, player2) # 切换当前玩家 action = self.current_player.think(self.board) # 当前玩家对棋盘进行思考后，得到招法 self.current_player.move(self.board, action) # 当前玩家执行招法，改变棋盘 self.board.print_b() # 显示当前棋盘 if self.board.teminate(): # 根据当前棋盘，判断棋局是否终止 winner = self.board.get_winner() # 得到赢家 0,1,2 break self.print_winner(winner) print('Game over!') self.board.print_history()if __name__ == '__main__': Game().run() |
下图是人人对战的结果
希望本文所述对大家Python程序设计有所帮助。
原文链接：http://www.cnblogs.com/hhh5460/p/7082112.html
