为什么要改进成C4.5算法
原理
C4.5算法是在ID3算法上的一种改进,它与ID3算法最大的区别就是特征选择上有所不同,一个是基于信息增益比,一个是基于信息增益。
之所以这样做是因为信息增益倾向于选择取值比较多的特征(特征越多,条件熵(特征划分后的类别变量的熵)越小,信息增益就越大);因此在信息增益下面加一个分母,该分母是当前所选特征的熵,注意:这里而不是类别变量的熵了。
这样就构成了新的特征选择准则,叫做信息增益比。为什么加了这样一个分母就会消除ID3算法倾向于选择取值较多的特征呢?
因为特征取值越多,该特征的熵就越大,分母也就越大,所以信息增益比就会减小,而不是像信息增益那样增大了,一定程度消除了算法对特征取值范围的影响。
实现
在算法实现上,C4.5算法只是修改了信息增益计算的函数calcShannonEntOfFeature和最优特征选择函数chooseBestFeatureToSplit。
calcShannonEntOfFeature在ID3的calcShannonEnt函数上加了个参数feat,ID3中该函数只用计算类别变量的熵,而calcShannonEntOfFeature可以计算指定特征或者类别变量的熵。
chooseBestFeatureToSplit函数在计算好信息增益后,同时计算了当前特征的熵IV,然后相除得到信息增益比,以最大信息增益比作为最优特征。
在划分数据的时候,有可能出现特征取同一个值,那么该特征的熵为0,同时信息增益也为0(类别变量划分前后一样,因为特征只有一个取值),0/0没有意义,可以跳过该特征。
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#coding=utf-8 import operator from math import log import time import os, sys import string def createDataSet(trainDataFile): print trainDataFile dataSet = [] try : fin = open (trainDataFile) for line in fin: line = line.strip() cols = line.split( '\t' ) row = [cols[ 1 ], cols[ 2 ], cols[ 3 ], cols[ 4 ], cols[ 5 ], cols[ 6 ], cols[ 7 ], cols[ 8 ], cols[ 9 ], cols[ 10 ], cols[ 0 ]] dataSet.append(row) #print row except : print 'Usage xxx.py trainDataFilePath' sys.exit() labels = [ 'cip1' , 'cip2' , 'cip3' , 'cip4' , 'sip1' , 'sip2' , 'sip3' , 'sip4' , 'sport' , 'domain' ] print 'dataSetlen' , len (dataSet) return dataSet, labels #calc shannon entropy of label or feature def calcShannonEntOfFeature(dataSet, feat): numEntries = len (dataSet) labelCounts = {} for feaVec in dataSet: currentLabel = feaVec[feat] if currentLabel not in labelCounts: labelCounts[currentLabel] = 0 labelCounts[currentLabel] + = 1 shannonEnt = 0.0 for key in labelCounts: prob = float (labelCounts[key]) / numEntries shannonEnt - = prob * log(prob, 2 ) return shannonEnt def splitDataSet(dataSet, axis, value): retDataSet = [] for featVec in dataSet: if featVec[axis] = = value: reducedFeatVec = featVec[:axis] reducedFeatVec.extend(featVec[axis + 1 :]) retDataSet.append(reducedFeatVec) return retDataSet def chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet): numFeatures = len (dataSet[ 0 ]) - 1 #last col is label baseEntropy = calcShannonEntOfFeature(dataSet, - 1 ) bestInfoGainRate = 0.0 bestFeature = - 1 for i in range (numFeatures): featList = [example[i] for example in dataSet] uniqueVals = set (featList) newEntropy = 0.0 for value in uniqueVals: subDataSet = splitDataSet(dataSet, i, value) prob = len (subDataSet) / float ( len (dataSet)) newEntropy + = prob * calcShannonEntOfFeature(subDataSet, - 1 ) #calc conditional entropy infoGain = baseEntropy - newEntropy iv = calcShannonEntOfFeature(dataSet, i) if (iv = = 0 ): #value of the feature is all same,infoGain and iv all equal 0, skip the feature continue infoGainRate = infoGain / iv if infoGainRate > bestInfoGainRate: bestInfoGainRate = infoGainRate bestFeature = i return bestFeature #feature is exhaustive, reture what you want label def majorityCnt(classList): classCount = {} for vote in classList: if vote not in classCount.keys(): classCount[vote] = 0 classCount[vote] + = 1 return max (classCount) def createTree(dataSet, labels): classList = [example[ - 1 ] for example in dataSet] if classList.count(classList[ 0 ]) = = len (classList): #all data is the same label return classList[ 0 ] if len (dataSet[ 0 ]) = = 1 : #all feature is exhaustive return majorityCnt(classList) bestFeat = chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet) bestFeatLabel = labels[bestFeat] if (bestFeat = = - 1 ): #特征一样,但类别不一样,即类别与特征不相关,随机选第一个类别做分类结果 return classList[ 0 ] myTree = {bestFeatLabel:{}} del (labels[bestFeat]) featValues = [example[bestFeat] for example in dataSet] uniqueVals = set (featValues) for value in uniqueVals: subLabels = labels[:] myTree[bestFeatLabel][value] = createTree(splitDataSet(dataSet, bestFeat, value),subLabels) return myTree def main(): if ( len (sys.argv) < 3 ): print 'Usage xxx.py trainSet outputTreeFile' sys.exit() data,label = createDataSet(sys.argv[ 1 ]) t1 = time.clock() myTree = createTree(data,label) t2 = time.clock() fout = open (sys.argv[ 2 ], 'w' ) fout.write( str (myTree)) fout.close() print 'execute for ' ,t2 - t1 if __name__ = = '__main__' : main() |
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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/vincent-vg/p/6745275.html