前言
文章沿着设计一个假想的应用 awesome_app 为主线,从零创建修改数据库,表格,字段属性,索引,字符集,默认值,自增,增删改查,多表查询,内置函数等实用 sql 语句。收藏此文,告别零散又低效地搜索经常使用的 sql 语句。所有 sql 都在 mysql 下通过验证,可留着日后回顾参考,也可跟着动手一起做,如果未安装 mysql 可参考 《macos 安装 mysql》 (windows 安装大同小异)。
1. 创建
1.1 创建数据库
语法:create database db_name
示例:创建应用数据库 awesome_app
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create database `awesome_app` |
1.2 创建表格
语法:create table table_name ( … columns )
示例:创建用户表 users
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create table `users` ( `id` int , ` name ` char (10), `avatar` varchar (300), `regtime` date ) |
1.3 创建索引
语法:create index index_name on table_name (column_name)
示例:为用户 id 创建索引 idx_id
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create index `idx_id` on `users` (`id`) /* 创建唯一索引 */ create unique index `idx_id` on `users` (`id`) |
1.4 为已存在的列创建主键
更常用的方式是在创建表语句所有列定义的后面添加一行 primary key (column_name)。
语法:alter table table_name add primary key (column_name)
示例:将用户 id 设为主键
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alter table users add primary key (`id`) |
1.5 为已存在的列创建自增约束
更常用的方式是在创建表语句中添加自增列 id int not null auto_increment。
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alter table `users` modify `id` int not null auto_increment |
2. 插入
语法:
- insert into table_name values (value1, value2, …)
- insert into table_name (column1, column2, …) values (value1, value2, …)
示例:新增注册用户
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insert into `users` values (1, 'ken' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar1.jpg' , curdate()) /* 指定列插入 */ insert into `users` (` name `, `avatar`) values ( 'bill' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg' ) |
3. 修改
3.1 修改数据记录
语法:
- update table_name set column=new_value where condition
- update table_name set column1=new_value1,column2=new_value2,… wherecondition
示例:
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update `users` set `regtime`=curdate() where `regtime` is null /* 一次修改多列 */ update `users` set ` name `= 'steven' ,`avatar`= 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg' where `id`=1 |
3.2 修改数据库字符集为 utf8
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alter database `awesome_app` default character set utf8 |
3.3 修改表字符集为 utf8
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alter table `users` convert to character set utf8 |
3.4 修改表字段字符集为 utf8
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alter table `users` modify ` name ` char (10) character set utf8 |
3.5 修改字段类型
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alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null |
3.5 修改字段默认值
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alter table `users` alter `regtime` set default '2019-10-12 00:00:00' /* 设置默认为当前时间 current_timestamp ,需要重新定义整个列 */ alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null default current_timestamp |
3.6 修改字段注释
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alter table `users` modify `id` int not null auto_increment comment '用户id' ; alter table `users` modify ` name ` char (10) comment '用户名' ; alter table `users` modify `avatar` varchar (300) comment '用户头像' ; alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null default current_timestamp comment '注册时间' ; |
修改后,查看改动后的列:
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mysql> show full columns from users; + ---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | field | type | collation | null | key | default | extra | privileges | comment | + ---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | id | int (11) | null | no | pri | null | auto_increment | select , insert , update , references | 用户id | | name | char (10) | utf8_general_ci | yes | | null | | select , insert , update , references | 用户名 | | avatar | varchar (300) | utf8_general_ci | yes | | null | | select , insert , update , references | 用户头像 | | regtime | datetime | null | no | | current_timestamp | | select , insert , update , references | 注册时间 | + ---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+ |
4. 删除
4.1 删除数据记录
语法:delete from table_name where condition
示例:删除用户名未填写的用户
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# 先增加一条用户名为空的用户 mysql> insert into `users` (`regtime`) values (curdate()); mysql> select * from users; + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ | id | name | avatar | regtime | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ | 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 | | 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 | | 3 | null | null | 2019-10-12 | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ # 删除用户名为空的行 mysql> delete from `users` where ` name ` is null ; mysql> select * from users; + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ | id | name | avatar | regtime | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ | 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 | | 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+ |
4.2 删除数据库
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drop database if exists `awesome_app` |
4.3 删除表
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drop table if exists `users` |
4.4 清空表中所有数据
这个操作相当于先 drop table 再 create table ,因此需要有 drop 权限。
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truncate table `users` |
4.5 删除索引
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drop index `idx_id` on `users` |
5. 查询
5.1 语法
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select [ all | distinct | distinctrow ] [high_priority] [straight_join] [sql_small_result] [sql_big_result] [sql_buffer_result] [sql_cache | sql_no_cache] [sql_calc_found_rows] select_expr [, select_expr ...] [ from table_references [partition partition_list] [ where where_condition] [ group by {col_name | expr | position} [ asc | desc ], ... [ with rollup ]] [ having where_condition] [ order by {col_name | expr | position} [ asc | desc ], ...] [limit {[offset,] row_count | row_count offset offset}] [ procedure procedure_name(argument_list)] [ into outfile 'file_name' [ character set charset_name] export_options | into dumpfile 'file_name' | into var_name [, var_name]] [ for update | lock in share mode]] |
5.2 单表查询
5.2.1 准备数据:
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insert into users (` name `, `avatar`) values ( '张三' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg' ), ( '李四' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg' ), ( '王五' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg' ), ( '马六' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/6.jpg' ), ( '肖七' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/7.jpg' ), ( '刘八' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/8.jpg' ), ( '杨九' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/9.jpg' ), ( '郑十' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/10.jpg' ); /* 增加重复行 */ insert into users (` name `, `avatar`) values ( '张三' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg' ), ( '李四' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg' ), ( '王五' , 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg' ); |
5.2.2 查询所有列
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mysql> select * from users; + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+ | id | name | avatar | regtime | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+ | 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 00:00:00 | | 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 00:00:00 | | 3 | 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/3.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 4 | 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/4.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 5 | 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/5.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 6 | 马六 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/6.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 7 | 肖七 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/7.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 8 | 刘八 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/8.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 9 | 杨九 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/9.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 10 | 郑十 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/10.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 | | 11 | 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/3.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 | | 12 | 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/4.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 | | 13 | 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/5.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 | + ----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+ |
5.2.3 查询指定列
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mysql> select id, name from users; + ----+--------+ | id | name | + ----+--------+ | 1 | steven | | 2 | bill | | 3 | 张三 | | 4 | 李四 | | 5 | 王五 | | 6 | 马六 | | 7 | 肖七 | | 8 | 刘八 | | 9 | 杨九 | | 10 | 郑十 | | 11 | 张三 | | 12 | 李四 | | 13 | 王五 | + ----+--------+ |
5.2.4 查询不重复记录
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mysql> select distinct name ,avatar from users; + --------+----------------------------------------------------+ | name | avatar | + --------+----------------------------------------------------+ | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/steven.jpg | | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/avatar2.jpg | | 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/3.jpg | | 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/4.jpg | | 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/5.jpg | | 马六 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/6.jpg | | 肖七 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/7.jpg | | 刘八 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/8.jpg | | 杨九 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/9.jpg | | 郑十 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/ to /xxx/10.jpg | + --------+----------------------------------------------------+ |
5.2.5 限制查询行数
查询前几行
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mysql> select id, name from users limit 2; + ----+--------+ | id | name | + ----+--------+ | 1 | steven | | 2 | bill | + ----+--------+ |
查询从指定偏移(第一行为偏移为0)开始的几行
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mysql> select id, name from users limit 2,3; + ----+--------+ | id | name | + ----+--------+ | 3 | 张三 | | 4 | 李四 | | 5 | 王五 | + ----+--------+ |
5.2.6 排序
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# 正序 mysql> select distinct name from users order by name asc limit 3; + --------+ | name | + --------+ | bill | | steven | | 刘八 | + --------+ # 倒序 mysql> select id, name from users order by id desc limit 3; + ----+--------+ | id | name | + ----+--------+ | 13 | 王五 | | 12 | 李四 | | 11 | 张三 | + ----+--------+ |
5.2.7 分组
增加城市字段
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alter table `users` add `city` varchar (10) comment '用户所在城市' after ` name `; update `users` set `city`= '旧金山' where `id`=1; update `users` set `city`= '西雅图' where `id`=2; update `users` set `city`= '北京' where `id` in (3,5,7); update `users` set `city`= '上海' where `id` in (4,6,8); update `users` set `city`= '广州' where `id` between 9 and 10; update `users` set `city`= '深圳' where `id` between 11 and 13; |
按城市分组统计用户数
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mysql> select city, count ( name ) as num_of_user from users group by city; + -----------+-------------+ | city | num_of_user | + -----------+-------------+ | 上海 | 3 | | 北京 | 3 | | 广州 | 2 | | 旧金山 | 1 | | 深圳 | 3 | | 西雅图 | 1 | + -----------+-------------+ mysql> select city, count ( name ) as num_of_user from users group by city having num_of_user=1; + -----------+-------------+ | city | num_of_user | + -----------+-------------+ | 旧金山 | 1 | | 西雅图 | 1 | + -----------+-------------+ mysql> select city, count ( name ) as num_of_user from users group by city having num_of_user>2; + --------+-------------+ | city | num_of_user | + --------+-------------+ | 上海 | 3 | | 北京 | 3 | | 深圳 | 3 | + --------+-------------+ |
5.3 多表关联查询
5.3.1 准备数据
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create table if not exists `orders` ( `id` int not null primary key auto_increment comment '订单id' , `title` varchar (50) not null comment '订单标题' , `user_id` int not null comment '用户id' , `cretime` timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '创建时间' ); create table if not exists `groups` ( `id` int not null primary key auto_increment comment '用户组id' , `title` varchar (50) not null comment '用户组标题' , `cretime` timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '创建时间' ); alter table `users` add `group_id` int comment '用户分组' after `city`; insert into `groups` (`title`) values ( '大佬' ), ( '萌新' ), ( '菜鸡' ); insert into `orders` (`title`, `user_id`) values ( '《大佬是怎样炼成的?》' , 3), ( '《mysql 从萌新到删库跑路》' , 6), ( '《菜鸡踩坑记》' , 9); update `users` set `group_id`=1 where `id` between 1 and 2; update `users` set `group_id`=2 where `id` in (4, 6, 8, 10, 12); update `users` set `group_id`=3 where `id` in (3, 5, 13); |
5.3.2 join
join
用于在多个表中查询相互匹配的数据。
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mysql> select `users`.` name ` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users`, `orders` where `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`; + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | user_name | order_title | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 | | 马六 | 《mysql 从萌新到删库跑路》 | | 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ |
inner join
内部连接。效果与 join 一样 , 但用法不同,join 使用 where ,inner join 使用 on 。
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mysql> select `users`.` name ` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users` inner join `orders` on `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`; + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | user_name | order_title | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 | | 马六 | 《mysql 从萌新到删库跑路》 | | 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ |
left join
左连接。返回左表所有行,即使右表中没有匹配的行,不匹配的用 null 填充。
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``` mysql> select `users`.` name ` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users` left join `orders` on `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`; + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | user_name | order_title | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ | 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 | | 马六 | 《mysql 从萌新到删库跑路》 | | 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 | | steven | null | | bill | null | | 李四 | null | | 王五 | null | | 肖七 | null | | 刘八 | null | | 郑十 | null | | 张三 | null | | 李四 | null | | 王五 | null | + -----------+--------------------------------------+ ``` ** right join ** 右连接。和 left join 正好相反,会返回**右表**所有行,即使**左表**中没有匹配的行,不匹配的用 null 填充。 ```sql mysql> select `groups`.`title` as `group_title`, `users`.` name ` as `user_name` from `groups` right join `users` on `users`.`group_id`=`groups`.`id`; + -------------+-----------+ | group_title | user_name | + -------------+-----------+ | 大佬 | steven | | 大佬 | bill | | 萌新 | 李四 | | 萌新 | 马六 | | 萌新 | 刘八 | | 萌新 | 郑十 | | 萌新 | 李四 | | 菜鸡 | 张三 | | 菜鸡 | 王五 | | 菜鸡 | 王五 | | null | 肖七 | | null | 杨九 | | null | 张三 | + -------------+-----------+ ``` **5.3.3 union ** union 用于合并两个或多个查询结果,合并的查询结果必须具有相同数量的列,并且列拥有形似的数据类型,同时列的顺序相同。 ```sql mysql> ( select `id`, `title` from `groups`) union ( select `id`, `title` from `orders`); + ----+--------------------------------------+ | id | title | + ----+--------------------------------------+ | 1 | 大佬 | | 2 | 萌新 | | 3 | 菜鸡 | | 1 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 | | 2 | 《mysql 从萌新到删库跑路》 | | 3 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 | + ----+--------------------------------------+ ``` 6. 函数 6.1 语法 ** select function **(* column *) ** from ** *table_name* 6.2 合计函数(aggregate functions) 合计函数的操作面向一系列的值,并返回一个单一的值。通常与 group by 语句一起用。 函数 描述 avg ( column ) 返回某列的平均值 count ( column ) 返回某列的行数(不包括 null 值) count (*) 返回被选行数 first ( column ) 返回在指定的域中第一个记录的值 last ( column ) 返回在指定的域中最后一个记录的值 max ( column ) 返回某列的最高值 min ( column ) 返回某列的最低值 sum ( column ) 返回某列的总和 6.3 标量函数(scalar functions) 函数 描述 ucase(c) 转换为大写 lcase(c) 转换为小写 mid(c, start[, end ]) 从文本提取字符 len(c) 返回文本长度 instr(c, char ) 返回在文本中指定字符的数值位置 left (c, number_of_char) 返回文本的左侧部分 right (c, number_of_char) 返回文本的右侧部分 round(c, decimals) 对数值指定小数位数四舍五入 mod(x, y) 取余(求模) now() 返回当前的系统日期 format(c, format) 格式化显示 datediff(d, date1, date2) 日期计算 |
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Java_Caiyo/article/details/117172001