1.aiohttp的简单使用(配合asyncio模块)
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import asyncio,aiohttp async def fetch_async(url): print (url) async with aiohttp.request( "get" ,url) as r: reponse = await r.text(encoding = "utf-8" ) #或者直接await r.read()不编码,直接读取,适合于图像等无法编码文件 print (reponse) tasks = [fetch_async( 'http://www.baidu.com/' ), fetch_async( 'http://www.chouti.com/' )] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather( * tasks)) event_loop.close() |
2.发起一个session请求
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import asyncio,aiohttp async def fetch_async(url): print (url) async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: #协程嵌套,只需要处理最外层协程即可fetch_async async with session.get(url) as resp: print (resp.status) print (await resp.text()) #因为这里使用到了await关键字,实现异步,所有他上面的函数体需要声明为异步async tasks = [fetch_async( 'http://www.baidu.com/' ), fetch_async( 'http://www.cnblogs.com/ssyfj/' )] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather( * tasks)) event_loop.close() |
除了上面的get方法外,会话还支持post,put,delete....等
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session.put( 'http://httpbin.org/put' , data = b 'data' ) session.delete( 'http://httpbin.org/delete' ) session.head( 'http://httpbin.org/get' ) session.options( 'http://httpbin.org/get' ) session.patch( 'http://httpbin.org/patch' , data = b 'data' ) |
不要为每次的连接都创建一次session,一般情况下只需要创建一个session,然后使用这个session执行所有的请求。
每个session对象,内部包含了一个连接池,并且将会保持连接和连接复用(默认开启)可以加快整体的性能。
3.在url中传递参数(其实与requests模块使用大致相同)
只需要将参数字典,传入params参数中即可[code]import asyncio,aiohttp
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import asyncio,aiohttp async def func1(url,params): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: print (r.url) print (await r.read()) tasks = [func1( 'https://www.ckook.com/forum.php' ,{ "gid" : 6 }),] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather( * tasks)) event_loop.close() |
4.获取响应内容(由于获取响应内容是一个阻塞耗时过程,所以我们使用await实现协程切换)
(1)使用text()方法
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async def func1(url,params): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: print (r.url) print (r.charset) #查看默认编码为utf-8 print (await r.text()) #不编码,则是使用默认编码 使用encoding指定编码 |
(2)使用read()方法,不进行编码,为字节形式
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async def func1(url,params): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: print (r.url) print (await r.read()) |
(3)注意:text(),read()方法是把整个响应体读入内存,如果你是获取大量的数据,请考虑使用”字节流“(streamresponse)
5.特殊响应内容json(和上面一样)
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async def func1(url,params): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: print (r.url) print (r.charset) print (await r.json()) #可以设置编码,设置处理函数 |
6.字节流形式获取数据(不像text,read一次获取所有数据)注意:我们获取的session.get()是response对象,他继承于streamresponse
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async def func1(url,params): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: print (await r.content.read( 10 )) #读取前10字节 |
下面字节流形式读取数据,保存文件
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async def func1(url,params,filename): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: with open (filename, "wb" ) as fp: while true: chunk = await r.content.read( 10 ) if not chunk: break fp.write(chunk) tasks = [func1( 'https://www.ckook.com/forum.php' ,{ "gid" : 6 }, "1.html" ),] |
注意:
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async with session.get(url,params = params) as r: #异步上下文管理器 with open (filename, "wb" ) as fp: #普通上下文管理器 |
两者的区别:
在于异步上下文管理器中定义了
__aenter__和__aexit__方法
异步上下文管理器指的是在enter
和exit
方法处能够暂停执行的上下文管理器
为了实现这样的功能,需要加入两个新的方法:__aenter__
和__aexit__
。这两个方法都要返回一个 awaitable类型的值。
推文:异步上下文管理器 async with和异步迭代器async for
7.自定义请求头(和requests一样)
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async def func1(url,params,filename): async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: headers = { 'content-type' : 'text/html; charset=utf-8' } async with session.get(url,params = params,headers = headers) as r: with open (filename, "wb" ) as fp: while true: chunk = await r.content.read( 10 ) if not chunk: break fp.write(chunk) |
8.自定义cookie
注意:对于自定义cookie,我们需要设置在clientsession(cookies=自定义cookie字典),而不是session.get()中
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class clientsession: def __init__( self , * , connector = none, loop = none, cookies = none, headers = none, skip_auto_headers = none, auth = none, json_serialize = json.dumps, request_class = clientrequest, response_class = clientresponse, ws_response_class = clientwebsocketresponse, version = http.httpversion11, cookie_jar = none, connector_owner = true, raise_for_status = false, read_timeout = sentinel, conn_timeout = none, timeout = sentinel, auto_decompress = true, trust_env = false, trace_configs = none): |
使用:
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cookies = { 'cookies_are' : 'working' } async with clientsession(cookies = cookies) as session: |
10.获取网站的响应状态码
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async with session.get(url) as resp: print (resp.status) |
11.查看响应头
resp.headers 来查看响应头,得到的值类型是一个dict:
resp.raw_headers 查看原生的响应头,字节类型
12.查看重定向的响应头(我们此时已经到了新的网址,向之前的网址查看)
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resp.history #查看被重定向之前的响应头 |
13.超时处理
默认的io操作都有5分钟的响应时间 我们可以通过 timeout 进行重写:
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async with session.get( 'https://github.com' , timeout = 60 ) as r: ... |
如果 timeout=none 或者 timeout=0 将不进行超时检查,也就是不限时长。
14.clientsession 用于在多个连接之间(同一网站)共享cookie,请求头等
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async def func1(): cookies = { 'my_cookie' : "my_value" } async with aiohttp.clientsession(cookies = cookies) as session: async with session.get( "https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000007987098" ) as r: print (session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies( "https://segmentfault.com" )) async with session.get( "https://segmentfault.com/hottest" ) as rp: print (session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies(https: / / segmentfault.com)) |
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set - cookie: phpsessid = web2~d8grl63pegika2202s8184ct2q set - cookie: my_cookie = my_value set - cookie: phpsessid = web2~d8grl63pegika2202s8184ct2q set - cookie: my_cookie = my_value |
我们最好使用session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies()获取网站cookie,不同于requests模块,虽然我们可以使用rp.cookies有可能获取到cookie,但似乎并未获取到所有的cookies。
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async def func1(): cookies = { 'my_cookie' : "my_value" } async with aiohttp.clientsession(cookies = cookies) as session: async with session.get( "https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000007987098" ) as rp: print (session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies( "https://segmentfault.com" )) print (rp.cookies) #set-cookie: phpsessid=web2~jh3ouqoabvr4e72f87vtherkp6; domain=segmentfault.com; path=/ #首次访问会获取网站设置的cookie async with session.get( "https://segmentfault.com/hottest" ) as rp: print (session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies( "https://segmentfault.com" )) print (rp.cookies) #为空,服务端未设置cookie async with session.get( "https://segmentfault.com/newest" ) as rp: print (session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies( "https://segmentfault.com" )) print (rp.cookies) #为空,服务端未设置cookie |
总结:
当我们使用rp.cookie时,只会获取到当前url下设置的cookie,不会维护整站的cookie
而session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com")会一直保留这个网站的所有设置cookies,含有我们在会话时设置的cookie,并且会根据响应修改更新cookie。这个才是我们需要的
而我们设置cookie,也是需要在aiohttp.clientsession(cookies=cookies)中设置
clientsession 还支持 请求头,keep-alive连接和连接池(connection pooling)
15.cookie的安全性
默认clientsession使用的是严格模式的 aiohttp.cookiejar. rfc 2109,明确的禁止接受url和ip地址产生的cookie,只能接受 dns 解析ip产生的cookie。可以通过设置aiohttp.cookiejar 的 unsafe=true 来配置:
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jar = aiohttp.cookiejar(unsafe = true) session = aiohttp.clientsession(cookie_jar = jar) |
16.控制同时连接的数量(连接池)
tcpconnector维持链接池,限制并行连接的总量,当池满了,有请求退出再加入新请求
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async def func1(): cookies = { 'my_cookie' : "my_value" } conn = aiohttp.tcpconnector(limit = 2 ) #默认100,0表示无限 async with aiohttp.clientsession(cookies = cookies,connector = conn) as session: for i in range ( 7 , 35 ): url = "https://www.ckook.com/list-%s-1.html" % i async with session.get(url) as rp: print ( '---------------------------------' ) print (rp.status) |
限制同时打开限制同时打开连接到同一端点的数量((host, port, is_ssl) 三的倍数),可以通过设置 limit_per_host 参数:
limit_per_host: 同一端点的最大连接数量。同一端点即(host, port, is_ssl)完全相同
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conn = aiohttp.tcpconnector(limit_per_host = 30 ) #默认是0 |
在协程下测试效果不明显
17.自定义域名解析地址
我们可以指定域名服务器的 ip 对我们提供的get或post的url进行解析:
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from aiohttp.resolver import asyncresolver resolver = asyncresolver(nameservers = [ "8.8.8.8" , "8.8.4.4" ]) conn = aiohttp.tcpconnector(resolver = resolver) |
18.设置代理
aiohttp支持使用代理来访问网页:
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async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: async with session.get( "http://python.org" , proxy = "http://some.proxy.com" ) as resp: print (resp.status) |
当然也支持需要授权的页面:
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async with aiohttp.clientsession() as session: proxy_auth = aiohttp.basicauth( 'user' , 'pass' ) #用户,密码 async with session.get( "http://python.org" , proxy = "http://some.proxy.com" , proxy_auth = proxy_auth) as resp: print (resp.status) |
或者通过这种方式来验证授权:
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session.get( "http://python.org" , proxy = http: / / user: pass @some.proxy.com) |
19.post传递数据的方法
(1)模拟表单
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payload = { 'key1' : 'value1' , 'key2' : 'value2' } async with session.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' , data = payload) as resp: print (await resp.text()) |
注意:data=dict的方式post的数据将被转码,和form提交数据是一样的作用,如果你不想被转码,可以直接以字符串的形式 data=str 提交,这样就不会被转码。
(2)post json
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payload = { 'some' : 'data' } async with session.post(url, data = json.dumps(payload)) as resp: |
其实json.dumps(payload)返回的也是一个字符串,只不过这个字符串可以被识别为json格式
(3)post 小文件
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url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' files = { 'file' : open ( 'report.xls' , 'rb' )} await session.post(url, data = files) |
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url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' data = formdata() data.add_field( 'file' , open ( 'report.xls' , 'rb' ), filename = 'report.xls' , content_type = 'application/vnd.ms-excel' ) await session.post(url, data = data) |
如果将文件对象设置为数据参数,aiohttp将自动以字节流的形式发送给服务器。
(4)post 大文件
aiohttp支持多种类型的文件以流媒体的形式上传,所以我们可以在文件未读入内存的情况下发送大文件。
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@aiohttp .streamer def file_sender(writer, file_name = none): with open (file_name, 'rb' ) as f: chunk = f.read( 2 * * 16 ) while chunk: yield from writer.write(chunk) chunk = f.read( 2 * * 16 ) # then you can use `file_sender` as a data provider: async with session.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' , data = file_sender(file_name = 'huge_file' )) as resp: print (await resp.text()) |
(5)从一个url获取文件后,直接post给另一个url
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r = await session.get( 'http://python.org' ) await session.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' ,data = r.content) |
(6)post预压缩数据
在通过aiohttp发送前就已经压缩的数据, 调用压缩函数的函数名(通常是deflate 或 zlib)作为content-encoding的值:
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async def my_coroutine(session, headers, my_data): data = zlib.compress(my_data) headers = { 'content-encoding' : 'deflate' } async with session.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' , data = data, headers = headers) pass |
以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持服务器之家。
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/ssyfj/p/9222342.html