变量作用域
变量由作用范围限制
分类:按照作用域分类
- 全局(global):在函数外部定义
- 局部(local):在函数内部定义
变量的作用范围
- 全局变量:在整个全局范围都有效
- 全局变量在局部可以使用(即函数内部可以访问函数外部定义的变量)
- 局部变量在局部范围可以使用
- 局部变量在全局范围无法使用
LEGB原则
- L(Local)局部作用域
- E(Enclosing function local)外部嵌套函数作用域
- G(Global module)函数定义所在模块作用域
- B(Buildin):python内置模块的作用域
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# 认为a1是全局的 a1 = 100 def fun(): print (a1) print ( "I am in fun" ) # a2的作用范围是fun a2 = 99 print (a2) print (a1) fun() # print(a2) |
100
100
I am in fun
99
提升局部变量为全局变量
使用global
案例如下
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def fun(): global b1 b1 = 100 print (b1) print ( "I am in fun" ) b2 = 99 print (b2) fun() print (b1) |
100
I am in fun
99
100
global,local函数
可以通过globals和locals显示出局部变量和全局变量
参考一下案例
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# globals 和 locals # globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数 a = 1 b = 2 def fun(c,d): e = 111 print ( "Locals={0}" . format ( locals ())) print ( "Globals={0}" . format ( globals ())) fun( 100 , 200 ) |
Locals={'c': 100, 'd': 200, 'e': 111}
Globals={'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': ['d:\\Jupyter\\nootbook\\笔记'], 'In': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x000001B07AF18BA8>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x000001B07D7398D0>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x000001B07D7398D0>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_ii': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_iii': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i1': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', 'a1': 100, 'fun': <function fun at 0x000001B07D8C41E0>, '_i2': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '_i3': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '_i4': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '_i5': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '_i6': 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', '_i7': 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i8': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i9': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i10': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i11': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_i12': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', 'a': 1, 'b': 2, '_i13': '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'}
eval()函数
把一个字符串当成一个表达式来执行,返回表达式执行后的结果
语法:
eval(string_code, globals=None, locals=None)
exec()函数
跟eval功能类似,但是,不返回结果
语法:
exec(string_code, globals=None, locals=None)
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x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y z2 = eval ( "x+y" ) print (z1) print (z2) |
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# exec案例 x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y # 1. 注意字符串中引号的写法 # 2. 比对exec执行结果和代码执行结果 z2 = exec ( "print('x+y:',x+y)" ) print (z1) print (z2) |
x+y: 300
300
None
递归函数
- 函数直接或者间接调用自身
- 优点:简洁,理解容易
- 缺点:对递归深度有限制,消耗资源大
- python对递归深度有限制,超过限制报错
- 在写递归程序的时候,一定注意结束条件
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# 递归调用深度限制代码 x = 0 def fun(): global x x + = 1 print (x) # 函数自己调用自己 fun() # 调用函数 # fun() |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RecursionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in <module>
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11 # 调用函数
---> 12 fun()
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in fun()
7 print(x)
8 # 函数自己调用自己
----> 9 fun()
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11 # 调用函数
... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in fun()
7 print(x)
8 # 函数自己调用自己
----> 9 fun()
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11 # 调用函数
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object
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# 斐波那契数列 # 一列数字,第一个值是1,第二个也是1,从第三个开始,每一个数字的值等于前两个数字出现的值的和 # 数学公式为: f(1) = 1, f(2) = 1, f(n) = f(n - 1) + f(n - 2) # 例如: 1,1,2,3,5,8,13.... # n表示求第n个数字的斐波那契数列的值 def fib(n): if n = = 1 or n = = 2 : return 1 elif n > 0 : return fib(n - 1 ) + fib(n - 2 ) else : return None print (fib( 3 )) print (fib( 5 )) print (fib( 10 )) print (fib( - 1 )) print (fib( 1 )) |
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内置数据结构(变量类型)
- list
- set
- dict
- tuple
list(列表)
一组有顺序的数据的组合
创建列表
- 空列表
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# 1. 创建空列表 l1 = [] # type是内置函数,负责打印出变量的类型 print ( type (l1)) print (l1) # 2. 创建带值的列表 l2 = [ 100 ] print ( type (l2)) print (l2) # 3. 创建列表,带多个值 l3 = [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 9 , 7 , 8 ,] print ( type (l3)) print (l3) # 4. 使用list() l4 = list () print ( type (l4)) print (l4) |
<class 'list'>
[]
<class 'list'>
[100]
<class 'list'>
[2, 3, 5, 5, 9, 7, 8]
<class 'list'>
[]
列表常用操作
访问
- 使用下标操作(索引)
- 列表的位子是从0开始
分片操作
- 对列表进行任意一段的截取
- l[:]
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# 下标访问列表 l = [ 3 , 2 , 5 , 1 , 9 , 8 , 7 ] print (l[ 1 ]) |
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print (l[ 0 ]) |
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# 分片操作 # 注意截取的范围,包含左边的下标值,不包含右边的下标值 print (l[ 1 : 4 ]) # 下标值可以为空,如果不写,左边下标值默认为0,右边下标值为最大数加一,即表示截取到最后一个数据 print (l[:]) print (l[: 4 ]) print (l[ 2 :]) |
[2, 5, 1]
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[3, 2, 5, 1]
[5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
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print (l) # 分片可以控制增长幅度,默认增长幅度为1 print (l[ 1 : 6 : 1 ]) # 打印从下标1开始的数字,每次隔一个 print (l[ 1 : 6 : 2 ]) # 下标可以超出范围,超出后不在考虑多余下标内容 print (l[ 2 : 10 ]) # 下标值,增长幅度可以为负数 # 为负数,表明为从右往左 # 规定: 数组最后一个数字的下标是-1 |
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[2, 5, 1, 9, 8]
[2, 1, 8]
[5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
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# 分片之负数下标 print (l) # 下面显示的是为空,因为默认分片总是从左向右截取 print (l[ - 2 : - 4 ]) print (l[ - 4 : - 2 ]) # 如果分片一定左边值比右边大,则步长参数需要使用负数 # 此案例为一个list直接正反截取提供了一个思路 print (l[ - 2 : - 4 : - 1 ]) print (l[ - 1 : - 8 : - 1 ]) |
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[]
[1, 9]
[8, 9]
[7, 8, 9, 1, 5, 2, 3]
分片操作是生成一个新的list
内置函数id,负责显示一个变量或者数据的唯一确定编号
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# id函数举例 a = 100 b = 200 print ( id (a)) print ( id (b)) # a跟c指向同一份数据 c = a print ( id (c)) a = 101 print (a) print (c) print ( id (a)) print ( id (c)) |
140734817148832
140734817152032
140734817148832
101
100
140734817148864
140734817148832
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# 通过id可以直接判断出分片是重新生成了一份数据还是使用同一份数据 l = [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 5 , 43 , 4 , 7 ] ll = l[:] # 分片操作 lll = ll # 如果两个id值一样,则表明分片产生的列表是使用的同一地址同一份数据 # 否则,则表明分片是重新产生了一份数据,即一个新的列表,然后把数据拷贝到新列表中 print ( id (l)) print ( id (ll)) print ( id (lll)) # 通过id知道,ll和lll是同一份数据,验证代码如下 l[ 1 ] = 100 print (l) print (ll) print (lll) ll[ 1 ] = 100 print (ll) print (lll) |
1857540073800
1857540052488
1857540052488
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 5, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 5, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
总结
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原文链接:https://juejin.cn/post/6930418705948606477