一、Flask内置异常处理
要想在Flask中处理好异常,有一套自己的异常处理机制,首先,我们必须先知道Flask自己是如何处理异常的。去flask的源码里找一找会发现,在flask源码的app.py文件下,有很多会抛出异常的方法,其中拿一个举例:
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def handle_exception( self , e): """Default exception handling that kicks in when an exception occurs that is not caught. In debug mode the exception will be re-raised immediately, otherwise it is logged and the handler for a 500 internal server error is used. If no such handler exists, a default 500 internal server error message is displayed. .. versionadded:: 0.3 """ exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info() got_request_exception.send( self , exception = e) handler = self ._find_error_handler(InternalServerError()) if self .propagate_exceptions: # if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to # raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that # (the function was actually called from the except part) # otherwise, we just raise the error again if exc_value is e: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb) else : raise e self .log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb)) if handler is None : return InternalServerError() return self .finalize_request(handler(e), from_error_handler = True ) |
我们发现在flask内部对于500异常,会抛出这样一个错误类InternalServerError()
class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
......
至此我们发现flask内部异常通过继承这个HTTPException类来处理,那么这个HTTPException类就是我们研究的重点。
二、HTTPException类分析
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@implements_to_string class HTTPException(Exception): """Baseclass for all HTTP exceptions. This exception can be called as WSGI application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses of it independently and render nicer error messages. """ code = None description = None def __init__( self , description = None , response = None ): super (HTTPException, self ).__init__() if description is not None : self .description = description self .response = response @classmethod def wrap( cls , exception, name = None ): """Create an exception that is a subclass of the calling HTTP exception and the ``exception`` argument. The first argument to the class will be passed to the wrapped ``exception``, the rest to the HTTP exception. If ``e.args`` is not empty and ``e.show_exception`` is ``True``, the wrapped exception message is added to the HTTP error description. .. versionchanged:: 0.15.5 The ``show_exception`` attribute controls whether the description includes the wrapped exception message. .. versionchanged:: 0.15.0 The description includes the wrapped exception message. """ class newcls( cls , exception): _description = cls .description show_exception = False def __init__( self , arg = None , * args, * * kwargs): super ( cls , self ).__init__( * args, * * kwargs) if arg is None : exception.__init__( self ) else : exception.__init__( self , arg) @property def description( self ): if self .show_exception: return "{}\n{}: {}" . format ( self ._description, exception.__name__, exception.__str__( self ) ) return self ._description @description .setter def description( self , value): self ._description = value newcls.__module__ = sys._getframe( 1 ).f_globals.get( "__name__" ) name = name or cls .__name__ + exception.__name__ newcls.__name__ = newcls.__qualname__ = name return newcls @property def name( self ): """The status name.""" from .http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get( self .code, "Unknown Error" ) def get_description( self , environ = None ): """Get the description.""" return u "<p>%s</p>" % escape( self .description).replace( "\n" , "<br>" ) def get_body( self , environ = None ): """Get the HTML body.""" return text_type( ( u '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n' u "<title>%(code)s %(name)s</title>\n" u "<h1>%(name)s</h1>\n" u "%(description)s\n" ) % { "code" : self .code, "name" : escape( self .name), "description" : self .get_description(environ), } ) def get_headers( self , environ = None ): """Get a list of headers.""" return [( "Content-Type" , "text/html; charset=utf-8" )] def get_response( self , environ = None ): """Get a response object. If one was passed to the exception it's returned directly. :param environ: the optional environ for the request. This can be used to modify the response depending on how the request looked like. :return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof. """ from .wrappers.response import Response if self .response is not None : return self .response if environ is not None : environ = _get_environ(environ) headers = self .get_headers(environ) return Response( self .get_body(environ), self .code, headers) |
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截取这个类比较重要的几个方法分析,
get_headers
方法定义了这个返回的响应头,返回的是html文档。 -
get_body
方法定义了返回的响应体,对应也是一段html的内容。 - 最后在Response中将响应体,状态码,响应头定义好返回。
分析至此,其实这个HTTPException中做的事也不难理解,就是定义好响应体,状态码,还有响应头,做了一个返回。当然这个类返回是html类型的,现在前后端分离交互都是json形式的返回,所以我们可以继承自这个类,定义我们自己的异常处理类。
三、自定义异常处理类
首先我们理解我们自己的这个异常处理类,应该继承自HTTPException来改写。而我们自定义的内容应该包含以下几点:
- 需要定义我们自己想要返回的错误信息的json格式,比如内部错误码、错误信息等我们想记录的信息。
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需要更改返回的响应头,返回json格式的信息响应头就应该设为
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
- 同样需要和HTTPException一样定义好状态码
如下定义我们自己的异常类APIException,返回的信息包括内部错误码,错误信息,请求的url
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class APIException(HTTPException): code = 500 msg = 'sorry, we made a mistake!' error_code = 999 def __init__( self , msg = None , code = None , error_code = None , headers = None ): if code: self .code = code if error_code: self .error_code = error_code if msg: self .msg = msg super (APIException, self ).__init__(msg, None ) def get_body( self , environ = None ): body = dict ( msg = self .msg, error_code = self .error_code, request = request.method + ' ' + self .get_url_no_param() ) text = json.dumps(body) return text def get_headers( self , environ = None ): """Get a list of headers.""" return [( 'Content-Type' , 'application/json' )] @staticmethod def get_url_no_param(): full_path = str (request.full_path) main_path = full_path.split( '?' ) return main_path[ 0 ] |
四、方便的定义自己的错误类
有了上面我们改写好的APIException类,我们就可以自由的定义各种状态码的错误以及对应的错误信息,然后在合适的位置抛出。比如:
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class Success(APIException): code = 201 msg = 'ok' error_code = 0 class DeleteSuccess(APIException): code = 202 msg = 'delete ok' error_code = 1 class UpdateSuccess(APIException): code = 200 msg = 'update ok' error_code = 2 class ServerError(APIException): code = 500 msg = 'sorry, we made a mistake!' error_code = 999 class ParameterException(APIException): code = 400 msg = 'invalid parameter' error_code = 1000 class NotFound(APIException): code = 404 msg = 'the resource are not found' error_code = 1001 class AuthFailed(APIException): code = 401 msg = 'authorization failed' error_code = 1005 class Forbidden(APIException): code = 403 error_code = 1004 msg = 'forbidden, not in scope' |
有了这些自定义的错误类,我们不仅可以直接在需要的地方抛出,而且有了自定义的错误码,发生错误时,只要对照错误码去查找对应的错误类,非常方便。而且特别说明的是,虽然说是错误类,但是也是可以定义响应成功的返回的,比如上面定义的200,201的类,同样可以作为一个成功的返回。
使用演示:
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user = User.query.first() if not user: raise NotFound() |
五、注意事项
尽管我们可以在我们认为可能出错的所有地方,继承自己的异常类,定义自己的错误类,然后抛出,但是也不是所有的异常都是我们可以提前预知的。比如我们接受前端传来的参数,参数类型或取值范围不正确,这些我们可以预知并处理好,但是如果是逻辑处理中出现了问题,这些不是我们程序员可以控制并处理。所以光有自定义错误类还不够,我们还需要在全局捕获异常来判断,利用AOP思想。
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# 全局错误AOP处理 @app .errorhandler(Exception) def framework_error(e): api_logger.error( "error info: %s" % e) # 对错误进行日志记录 if isinstance (e, APIException): return e if isinstance (e, HTTPException): code = e.code msg = e.description error_code = 1007 return APIException(msg, code, error_code) else : if not app.config[ 'DEBUG' ]: return ServerError() else : return e |
这里对于flask中抛出的所有的错误进行捕获,然后先进行日志的记录。然后判断如果是我们自定义的APIException,就直接返回。如果不是我们自定义的,但是是flask处理的HTTPException,包装成我们自定义的APIException再返回。如果都不是的话,说明是服务器出现的其他错误,问题一般出在我们的代码上,在生产环境下,一般统一返回一个500错误,在调试模式下,可以原样返回,便于我们定位修改自己的代码。
以上就是详解Flask开发技巧之异常处理的详细内容,更多关于Flask异常处理的资料请关注服务器之家其它相关文章!
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/luyuze95/p/12937704.html