为什么使用Python
假设我们有这么一项任务:简单测试局域网中的电脑是否连通.这些电脑的ip范围从192.168.0.101到192.168.0.200.
思路:用shell编程.(Linux通常是bash而Windows是批处理脚本).例如,在Windows上用ping ip 的命令依次测试各个机器并得到控制台输出.由于ping通的时候控制台文本通常是"Reply from … " 而不通的时候文本是"time out … " ,所以,在结果中进行字符串查找,即可知道该机器是否连通.
实现:Java代码如下:
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String cmd= "cmd.exe ping " ; String ipprefix= "192.168.10." ; int begin= 101 ; int end= 200 ; Process p= null ; for ( int i=begin;i<end;i++){ p= Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd+i); String line = null ; BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream())); while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null ) { //Handling line , may logs it. } reader.close(); p.destroy(); } |
这段代码运行得很好,问题是为了运行这段代码,你还需要做一些额外的工作.这些额外的工作包括:
- 编写一个类文件
- 编写一个main方法
- 将之编译成字节代码
- 由于字节代码不能直接运行,你需要再写个小小的bat或者bash脚本来运行.
当然,用C/C++同样能完成这项工作.但C/C++不是跨平台语言.在这个足够简单的例子中也许看不出C/C++和Java实现的区别,但在一些更为复杂的场景,比如要将连通与否的信息记录到网络数据库.由于Linux和Windows的网络接口实现方式不同,你不得不写两个函数的版本.用Java就没有这样的顾虑.
同样的工作用Python实现如下:
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import subprocess cmd = "cmd.exe" begin = 101 end = 200 while begin<end: p = subprocess.Popen(cmd,shell = True ,stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE) p.stdin.write( "ping 192.168.1." + str (begin) + "\n" ) p.stdin.close() p.wait() print "execution result: %s" % p.stdout.read() |
对比Java,Python的实现更为简洁,你编写的时间更快.你不需要写main函数,并且这个程序保存之后可以直接运行.另外,和Java一样,Python也是跨平台的.
有经验的C/Java程序员可能会争论说用C/Java写会比Python写得快.这个观点见仁见智.我的想法是当你同时掌握Java和Python之后,你会发现用Python写这类程序的速度会比Java快上许多.例如操作本地文件时你仅需要一行代码而不需要Java的许多流包装类.各种语言有其天然的适合的应用范围.用Python处理一些简短程序类似与操作系统的交互编程工作最省时省力.
Python应用场合
足够简单的任务,例如一些shell编程.如果你喜欢用Python设计大型商业网站或者设计复杂的游戏,悉听尊便.
Hello world
安装完Python之后(我本机的版本是2.5.4),打开IDLE(Python GUI) , 该程序是Python语言解释器,你写的语句能够立即运行.我们写下一句著名的程序语句:
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print "Hello,world!" |
并按回车.你就能看到这句被K&R引入到程序世界的名言.
在解释器中选择"File"–“New Window” 或快捷键 Ctrl+N , 打开一个新的编辑器.写下如下语句:
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print "Hello,world!" raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window! " ); |
保存为a.py文件.按F5,你就可以看到程序的运行结果了.这是Python的第二种运行方式.
找到你保存的a.py文件,双击.也可以看到程序结果.Python的程序能够直接运行,对比Java,这是一个优势.
国际化支持
我们换一种方式来问候世界.新建一个编辑器并写如下代码:
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print "欢迎来到奥运中国!" raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window!" ); |
在你保存代码的时候,Python会提示你是否改变文件的字符集,结果如下:
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# -*- coding: cp936 -*- print "欢迎来到奥运中国!" raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window! " ); |
将该字符集改为我们更熟悉的形式:
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# -*- coding: GBK -*- print "欢迎来到奥运中国!" # 使用中文的例子 raw_input ( "Press enter key to close this window" ); |
程序一样运行良好.
便易用的计算器
用微软附带的计算器来计数实在太麻烦了.打开Python解释器,直接进行计算:
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a = 100.0 b = 201.1 c = 2343 print (a + b + c) / c |
字符串,ASCII和UNICODE
可以如下打印出预定义输出格式的字符串:
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print """ Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to """ |
字符串是怎么访问的?请看这个例子:
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word = "abcdefg" a = word[ 2 ] print "a is: " + a b = word[ 1 : 3 ] print "b is: " + b # index 1 and 2 elements of word. c = word[: 2 ] print "c is: " + c # index 0 and 1 elements of word. d = word[ 0 :] print "d is: " + d # All elements of word. e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :] print "e is: " + e # All elements of word. f = word[ - 1 ] print "f is: " + f # The last elements of word. g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ] print "g is: " + g # index 3 and 4 elements of word. h = word[ - 2 :] print "h is: " + h # The last two elements. i = word[: - 2 ] print "i is: " + i # Everything except the last two characters l = len (word) print "Length of word is: " + str (l) |
请注意ASCII和UNICODE字符串的区别:
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print "Input your Chinese name:" s = raw_input ( "Press enter to be continued " ); print "Your name is : " + s; l = len (s) print "Length of your Chinese name in asc codes is:" + str (l); a = unicode (s, "GBK" ) l = len (a) print "I'm sorry we should use unicode char!Characters number of your Chinese \ name in unicode is:" + str (l); |
使用List
类似Java里的List,这是一种方便易用的数据类型:
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word = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] a = word[ 2 ] print "a is: " + a b = word[ 1 : 3 ] print "b is: " print b # index1 and 2 elements of word. c = word[: 2 ] print "c is: " print c # index0 and 1 elements of word. d = word[ 0 :] print "d is: " print d # All elements of word. e = word[: 2 ] + word[ 2 :] print "e is: " print e # All elements of word. f = word[ - 1 ] print "f is: " print f # The last elements of word. g = word[ - 4 : - 2 ] print "g is: " print g # index3 and 4 elements of word. h = word[ - 2 :] print "h is: " print h # The last two elements. i = word[: - 2 ] print "i is: " print i # Everything except the last two characters l = len (word) print "Length of word is: " + str (l) print "Adds new element[图片上传中...(image-b4ced-1616074265420-0)] " word.append( 'h' ) print word |
条件和循环语句
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# Multi-way decision x = int ( raw_input ( "Please enter an integer:" )) if x< 0 : x = 0 print "Negative changed to zero" elif x = = 0 : print "Zero" else : print "More" # Loops List a = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] for x ina: print x, len (x) |
如何定义函数
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# Define and invoke function. def sum (a,b): return a + b func = sum r = func( 5 , 6 ) print r # Defines function with default argument def add(a,b = 2 ): return a + b r = add( 1 ) print r r = add( 1 , 5 ) print r |
并且,介绍一个方便好用的函数:
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# The range() function a = range ( 5 , 10 ) print a a = range ( - 2 , - 7 ) print a a = range ( - 7 , - 2 ) print a a = range ( - 2 , - 11 , - 3 ) # The 3rd parameter stands for step print a |
文件I/O
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spath = "D:/download/baa.txt" f = open (spath, "w" ) # Opens file for writing.Creates this file doesn't exist. f.write("First line 1.\n") f.writelines( "First line 2." ) f.close() f = open (spath, "r" ) # Opens file forreading for line in f: print line f.close() |
异常处理
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s = raw_input ( "Input your age:" ) if s = = "": raise Exception( "Input must no be empty." ) try : i = int (s) except ValueError: print "Could not convert data to an integer." except : print "Unknown exception!" else : # It is useful for code that must be executed if the try clause does not raise an exception print "You are %d" % i, " years old" finally : # Clean up action print "Goodbye!" |
类和继承
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class Base: def __init__( self ): self .data = [] def add( self , x): self .data.append(x) def addtwice( self , x): self .add(x) self .add(x) # Child extends Base class Child(Base): def plus( self ,a,b): return a + b oChild = Child() oChild.add( "str1" ) print oChild.data print oChild.plus( 2 , 3 ) |
包机制
每一个.py文件称为一个module,module之间可以互相导入.请参看以下例子:
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# a.py def add_func(a,b): return a + b |
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# b.py from a import add_func # Also can be : import a print "Import add_func from module a" print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: " print add_func( 1 , 2 ) # If using "import a" , then here should be "a.add_func" |
module可以定义在包里面.Python定义包的方式稍微有点古怪,假设我们有一个parent文件夹,该文件夹有一个child子文件夹.child中有一个module a.py . 如何让Python知道这个文件层次结构?很简单,每个目录都放一个名为_init_.py 的文件.该文件内容可以为空.这个层次结构如下所示:
parent
--__init_.py
--child
-- __init_.py
--a.pyb.py
那么Python如何找到我们定义的module?在标准包sys中,path属性记录了Python的包路径.你可以将之打印出来:
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import sys print sys.path |
通常我们可以将module的包路径放到环境变量PYTHONPATH中,该环境变量会自动添加到sys.path属性.另一种方便的方法是编程中直接指定我们的module路径到sys.path 中:
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import sys sys.path.append( 'D:\\download' ) from parent.child.a import add_func print sys.path print "Import add_func from module a" print "Result of 1 plus 2 is: " print add_func( 1 , 2 ) |
总结
这个教程很简单,其中包含了很多Python的特性在代码中显露出来,这些特性包括Python是不需要显式声明数据类型,关键字说明,字符串函数的解释等等.通过这个文章可以尽快熟悉Python,然后尽快能用它开始编程
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/chenchen5152/article/details/117928876