多表查询
案列说明
笛卡尔积的理解
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select id,department_name from employees,departments;#错的 select id,department_id,department_name from employees CROSS JOIN departments;#错的 |
每个员工和每个部门匹配了一遍(查出的条目数=id数*department数)
错误原因:缺少连接条件
笛卡尔积的解决
编写连接条件: 表1.列 = 表二.列(若多个表连接,至少要用n-1个连接条件)
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select id,employees. name ,department_name from employees,departments WHERE employees. name = departments. name ; |
注:如果要显示的列在要查询的表中名字一样,则要表明,是出自哪个表, eg: employees.name
建议在多表查询时,标明显示的是哪个表的信息 (优化)
优化:可以在FROM后使用表的别名,但是一旦使用别名,后续就一定要都用别名
多表查询的分类
等值连接和非等值连接
- 等值连接:上述的带有=的
- 非等值连接:没有=的
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select t1.id,t1. name ,t2.grade from employees t1,departments t2 WHERE ti.salary BETWEEN t2.lowest_salary AND t2.highest_salary ;#非等值 |
自连接和非自连接
- 非自链接:表1和表2连接
- 自链接:表1和自己连接
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#显示员工(t1)和其管理者(t2)的基本信息 select t1.id,t1. name ,t2.id,t2. name from employees t1,employees t2#一个表看作两个表 WHERE t1.manage_id = t2.id ;#自连接 |
内连接和外连接
- 内连接:合并含有同一列的表,结果不包括一个表与另一个表不匹配打的行
- 外连接:合并含有同一列的表,结果除了内连接的结果还查询不匹配的行
外连接的分类:左外连接(左表多,补右边),右外连接(右表多,补左边),满外连接
SQL92:使用(+)创建连接
内连接:见上
外连接:左表有数据不匹配,在右表加(+);反之,在左表加(+),但是MySQL不支持
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WHERE t1.department_id = t2.department_id(+)#左连接 |
SQL99:使用JOIN...ON的方式
内连接
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select t1.id,t1. name ,t2.department_name,t3.environment from employees t1 JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id JOIN locations t3#加入第二个人表 ON t2.department_location = t3.department_location; |
外连接
使用OUTER JOIN...ON...
- 左外连接:LEFT OUTER JOIN
- 右外连接:RIGHT OUTER JOIN
- 满外连接:FULL OUTER JOIN(MySQL不支持)
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name#左外连接 from employees t1 LEFT OUTER (可省略) JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; |
UMION的使用
合并查询结果
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SELECT colum... FROM table1 UNION ( ALL ) SELECT colum... FROM table2 |
- UNION操作符
两个查询结果的并集,去重(效率低)
- UNION ALL操作符(推荐)
两个查询结果的并集,不去重(效率高)
7种SQL JOINS的实现
中图(内连接):
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; |
左上图(左外连接):
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; |
右上图(右外连接):
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; |
左中图:
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t2.department_id IS NULL ; |
右中图:
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t1.department_id IS NULL ; |
左下图(满外连接):
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#方式一:左上图 UNION ALL 右中图 select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id UNION ALL select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t1.department_id IS NULL ; #方式二:左中图 UNION ALL 右上图 select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t2.department_id IS NULL UNION ALL select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; |
右下图:
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#左中图 UNION ALL 右中图 select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 LEFT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t2.department_id IS NULL UNION ALL select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 RIGHT JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id WHERE t1.department_id IS NULL ; |
SQL语法新特性
自然连接
使用关键字:NATURAL JOIN(不灵活),自动查询表中所有相同字段,然后进行等值连接
USING连接(不适用于自连接)
使用关键字:USING(同名字段),将表中相同名字的字段自动等值连接
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select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 JOIN departments t2 ON t1.department_id = t2.department_id; 等价于 select t1. name ,t2.department_name from employees t1 JOIN departments t2 USING(department_id); |
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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/wht-de-bk/archive/2022/03/04/15966054.html