触发器是一种特殊类型的存储过程,它不同于之前的我们介绍的存储过程。触发器主要是通过事件进行触发被自动调用执行的。而存储过程可以通过存储过程的名称被调用。
Ø 什么是触发器
触发器对表进行插入、更新、删除的时候会自动执行的特殊存储过程。触发器一般用在check约束更加复杂的约束上面。触发器和普通的存储过程的区别是:触发器是当对某一个表进行操作。诸如:update、insert、delete这些操作的时候,系统会自动调用执行该表上对应的触发器。SQL Server 2005中触发器可以分为两类:DML触发器和DDL触发器,其中DDL触发器它们会影响多种数据定义语言语句而激发,这些语句有create、alter、drop语句。
DML触发器分为:
1、 after触发器(之后触发)
a、 insert触发器
b、 update触发器
c、 delete触发器
2、 instead of 触发器 (之前触发)
其中after触发器要求只有执行某一操作insert、update、delete之后触发器才被触发,且只能定义在表上。而instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身。既可以在表上定义instead of触发器,也可以在视图上定义。
触发器有两个特殊的表:插入表(instered表)和删除表(deleted表)。这两张是逻辑表也是虚表。有系统在内存中创建者两张表,不会存储在数据库中。而且两张表的都是只读的,只能读取数据而不能修改数据。这两张表的结果总是与被改触发器应用的表的结构相同。当触发器完成工作后,这两张表就会被删除。Inserted表的数据是插入或是修改后的数据,而deleted表的数据是更新前的或是删除的数据。
对表的操作 |
Inserted逻辑表 |
Deleted逻辑表 |
增加记录(insert) |
存放增加的记录 |
无 |
删除记录(delete) |
无 |
存放被删除的记录 |
修改记录(update) |
存放更新后的记录 |
存放更新前的记录 |
Update数据的时候就是先删除表记录,然后增加一条记录。这样在inserted和deleted表就都有update后的数据记录了。注意的是:触发器本身就是一个事务,所以在触发器里面可以对修改数据进行一些特殊的检查。如果不满足可以利用事务回滚,撤销操作。
Ø 创建触发器
语法
- create trigger tgr_name
- on table_name
- with encrypion –加密触发器
- for update...
- as
- Transact-SQL
- # 创建insert类型触发器
- --创建insert插入类型触发器
- if (object_id('tgr_classes_insert', 'tr') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_classes_insert
- go
- create trigger tgr_classes_insert
- on classes
- for insert --插入触发
- as
- --定义变量
- declare @id int, @name varchar(20), @temp int;
- --在inserted表中查询已经插入记录信息
- select @id = id, @name = name from inserted;
- set @name = @name + convert(varchar, @id);
- set @temp = @id / 2;
- insert into student values(@name, 18 + @id, @temp, @id);
- print '添加学生成功!';
- go
- --插入数据
- insert into classes values('5班', getDate());
- --查询数据
- select * from classes;
- select * from student order by id;
- insert触发器,会在inserted表中添加一条刚插入的记录。
- # 创建delete类型触发器
- --delete删除类型触发器
- if (object_id('tgr_classes_delete', 'TR') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_classes_delete
- go
- create trigger tgr_classes_delete
- on classes
- for delete --删除触发
- as
- print '备份数据中……';
- if (object_id('classesBackup', 'U') is not null)
- --存在classesBackup,直接插入数据
- insert into classesBackup select name, createDate from deleted;
- else
- --不存在classesBackup创建再插入
- select * into classesBackup from deleted;
- print '备份数据成功!';
- go
- --
- --不显示影响行数
- --set nocount on;
- delete classes where name = '5班';
- --查询数据
- select * from classes;
- select * from classesBackup;
- delete触发器会在删除数据的时候,将刚才删除的数据保存在deleted表中。
- # 创建update类型触发器
- --update更新类型触发器
- if (object_id('tgr_classes_update', 'TR') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_classes_update
- go
- create trigger tgr_classes_update
- on classes
- for update
- as
- declare @oldName varchar(20), @newName varchar(20);
- --更新前的数据
- select @oldName = name from deleted;
- if (exists (select * from student where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%'))
- begin
- --更新后的数据
- select @newName = name from inserted;
- update student set name = replace(name, @oldName, @newName) where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%';
- print '级联修改数据成功!';
- end
- else
- print '无需修改student表!';
- go
- --查询数据
- select * from student order by id;
- select * from classes;
- update classes set name = '五班' where name = '5班';
- update触发器会在更新数据后,将更新前的数据保存在deleted表中,更新后的数据保存在inserted表中。
- # update更新列级触发器
- if (object_id('tgr_classes_update_column', 'TR') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_classes_update_column
- go
- create trigger tgr_classes_update_column
- on classes
- for update
- as
- --列级触发器:是否更新了班级创建时间
- if (update(createDate))
- begin
- raisError('系统提示:班级创建时间不能修改!', 16, 11);
- rollback tran;
- end
- go
- --测试
- select * from student order by id;
- select * from classes;
- update classes set createDate = getDate() where id = 3;
- update classes set name = '四班' where id = 7;
更新列级触发器可以用update是否判断更新列记录;
# instead of类型触发器
instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身的内容。
创建语法
- create trigger tgr_name
- on table_name
- with encryption
- instead of update...
- as
- T-SQL
- # 创建instead of触发器
- if (object_id('tgr_classes_inteadOf', 'TR') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
- go
- create trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
- on classes
- instead of delete/*, update, insert*/
- as
- declare @id int, @name varchar(20);
- --查询被删除的信息,病赋值
- select @id = id, @name = name from deleted;
- print 'id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name;
- --先删除student的信息
- delete student where cid = @id;
- --再删除classes的信息
- delete classes where id = @id;
- print '删除[ id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name + ' ] 的信息成功!';
- go
- --test
- select * from student order by id;
- select * from classes;
- delete classes where id = 7;
- # 显示自定义消息raiserror
- if (object_id('tgr_message', 'TR') is not null)
- drop trigger tgr_message
- go
- create trigger tgr_message
- on student
- after insert, update
- as raisError('tgr_message触发器被触发', 16, 10);
- go
- --test
- insert into student values('lily', 22, 1, 7);
- update student set sex = 0 where name = 'lucy';
- select * from student order by id;
- # 修改触发器
- alter trigger tgr_message
- on student
- after delete
- as raisError('tgr_message触发器被触发', 16, 10);
- go
- --test
- delete from student where name = 'lucy';
- # 启用、禁用触发器
- --禁用触发器
- disable trigger tgr_message on student;
- --启用触发器
- enable trigger tgr_message on student;
- # 查询创建的触发器信息
- --查询已存在的触发器
- select * from sys.triggers;
- select * from sys.objects where type = 'TR';
- --查看触发器触发事件
- select te.* from sys.trigger_events te join sys.triggers t
- on t.object_id = te.object_id
- where t.parent_class = 0 and t.name = 'tgr_valid_data';
- --查看创建触发器语句
- exec sp_helptext 'tgr_message';
- # 示例,验证插入数据
- if ((object_id('tgr_valid_data', 'TR') is not null))
- drop trigger tgr_valid_data
- go
- create trigger tgr_valid_data
- on student
- after insert
- as
- declare @age int,
- @name varchar(20);
- select @name = s.name, @age = s.age from inserted s;
- if (@age < 18)
- begin
- raisError('插入新数据的age有问题', 16, 1);
- rollback tran;
- end
- go
- --test
- insert into student values('forest', 2, 0, 7);
- insert into student values('forest', 22, 0, 7);
- select * from student order by id;
- # 示例,操作日志
- if (object_id('log', 'U') is not null)
- drop table log
- go
- create table log(
- id int identity(1, 1) primary key,
- action varchar(20),
- createDate datetime default getDate()
- )
- go
- if (exists (select * from sys.objects where name = 'tgr_student_log'))
- drop trigger tgr_student_log
- go
- create trigger tgr_student_log
- on student
- after insert, update, delete
- as
- if ((exists (select 1 from inserted)) and (exists (select 1 from deleted)))
- begin
- insert into log(action) values('updated');
- end
- else if (exists (select 1 from inserted) and not exists (select 1 from deleted))
- begin
- insert into log(action) values('inserted');
- end
- else if (not exists (select 1 from inserted) and exists (select 1 from deleted))
- begin
- insert into log(action) values('deleted');
- end
- go
- --test
- insert into student values('king', 22, 1, 7);
- update student set sex = 0 where name = 'king';
- delete student where name = 'king';
- select * from log;
- select * from student order by id;