CRUD是Create(创建)、Read(读取)、Update(更新)和Delete(删除)的缩写,它是普通应用程序的缩影。如果您掌握了某框架的CRUD编写,那么意味可以使用该框架创建普通应用程序了,所以大家使用新框架开发OLTP(Online Transaction Processing)应用程序时,首先会研究一下如何编写CRUD。这类似于大家在学习新编程语言时喜欢编写“Hello World”。
本文旨在讲述Struts 2上的CRUD开发,所以为了例子的简单易懂,我不会花时间在数据库的操作上。取而代之的是一个模拟数据库的哈希表(Hash Map)。
具体实现
首先,让我们看看的“冒牌”的DAO(Data Access Object,数据访问对象),代码如下:
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package tutorial.dao; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; import tutorial.model.Book; public class BookDao { private static final BookDao instance; private static final ConcurrentMap<String, Book> data; static { instance = new BookDao(); data = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Book>(); data.put( "978-0735619678" , new Book( "978-0735619678" , "Code Complete, Second Edition" , 32.99 )); data.put( "978-0596007867" , new Book( "978-0596007867" , "The Art of Project Management" , 35.96 )); data.put( "978-0201633610" , new Book( "978-0201633610" , "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" , 43.19 )); data.put( "978-0596527341" , new Book( "978-0596527341" , "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites" , 25.19 )); data.put( "978-0735605350" , new Book( "978-0735605350" , "Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art" , 25.19 )); } private BookDao() {} public static BookDao getInstance() { return instance; } public Collection<Book> getBooks() { return data.values(); } public Book getBook(String isbn) { return data.get(isbn); } public void storeBook(Book book) { data.put(book.getIsbn(), book); } public void removeBook(String isbn) { data.remove(isbn); } public void removeBooks(String[] isbns) { for (String isbn : isbns) { data.remove(isbn); } } } |
清单1 src/tutorial/dao/BookDao.java
以上代码相信不用解释大家也清楚,我使用ConcurrentMap数据结构存储Book对象,这主要是为了方便检索和保存Book对象;另外,我还将data变量设为静态唯一来模拟应用程序的数据库。
接下来是的数据模型Book类,代码如下:
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package tutorial.model; public class Book { private String isbn; private String title; private double price; public Book() { } public Book(String isbn, String title, double price) { this .isbn = isbn; this .title = title; this .price = price; } public String getIsbn() { return isbn; } public void setIsbn(String isbn) { this .isbn = isbn; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice( double price) { this .price = price; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this .title = title; } } |
清单2 src/tutorial/model/Book.java
Book类有三个属性isbn,、title和price分别代表书籍的编号、名称和价格,其中编号用于唯一标识书籍(相当数据库中的主键)。
然后,我们再来看看Action类的代码:
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package tutorial.action; import java.util.Collection; import tutorial.dao.BookDao; import tutorial.model.Book; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; public class BookAction extends ActionSupport { private static final long serialVersionUID = 872316812305356L; private String isbn; private String[] isbns; private Book book; private Collection<Book> books; private BookDao dao = BookDao.getInstance(); public Book getBook() { return book; } public void setBook(Book book) { this .book = book; } public String getIsbn() { return isbn; } public void setIsbn(String isbn) { this .isbn = isbn; } public String[] getIsbns() { return isbns; } public void setIsbns(String[] isbns) { this .isbns = isbns; } public Collection<Book> getBooks() { return books; } public void setBooks(Collection<Book> books) { this .books = books; } public String load() { book = dao.getBook(isbn); return SUCCESS; } public String list() { books = dao.getBooks(); return SUCCESS; } public String store() { dao.storeBook(book); return SUCCESS; } public String remove() { if ( null != isbn) { dao.removeBook(isbn); } else { dao.removeBooks(isbns); } return SUCCESS; } } |
清单3 src/tutorial/action/BookAction.java
BookAction类中属性isbn用于表示待编辑或删除的书籍的编号,属性isbns用于表示多个待删除的书籍的编号数组,属性book表示当前书籍,属性books则表示当前的书籍列表。BookAction有四个Action方法分别是load、list、store和remove,也即是CRUD都集中在BookAction中实现。
再下来是Action的配置代码:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" > <struts> < package name= "Struts2_CRUD_DEMO" extends = "struts-default" namespace= "/Book" > <action name= "List" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "list" > <result>List.jsp</result> </action> <action name= "Edit" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "load" > <result>Edit.jsp</result> </action> <action name= "Store" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "store" > <result type= "redirect" >List.action</result> </action> <action name= "Remove" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "remove" > <result type= "redirect" >List.action</result> </action> </ package > </struts> |
清单4 src/struts.xml
以上的配置中,我使用了四个Action定义。它们都在“/Book”名值空间内。这样我就可以分别通过“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Edit.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Store.action”和“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Remove.action”来调用BookAction的四个Action方法进行CRUD操作。当然,这只是个人喜好,你大可以只定义一个Action(假设其名称为“Book”),之后通过“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book!list.action”的方式来访问,详细做法请参考《Struts 2.0的Action讲解》。另外,我由于希望在完成编辑或删除之后回到列表页,所以使用类型为redirect(重定向)的result。
下面是列表页面的代码:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %> <%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" > <html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Book List</title> <style type= "text/css" > table { border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } table thead tr th { border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px; background-color: #cccccc; } table tbody tr td { border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px; } </style> </head> <body> <h2>Book List</h2> <s:form action= "Remove" theme= "simple" > <table cellspacing= "0" > <thead> <tr> <th>Select</th> <th>ISBN</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Price</th> <th>Operation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <s:iterator value= "books" > <tr> <td><input type= "checkbox" name= "isbns" value= '<s:property value="isbn" />' /></td> <td><s:property value= "isbn" /></td> <td><s:property value= "title" /></td> <td>$<s:property value= "price" /></td> <td> <a href= '<s:url action="Edit"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' > Edit </a> <a href= '<s:url action="Remove"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' > Delete </a> </td> </tr> </s:iterator> </tbody> </table> <s:submit value= "Remove" /><a href= "Edit.jsp" >Add Book</a> </s:form> </body> </html> |
清单5 WebContent/Book/List.jsp
以上代码,值得注意的是在<s:form>标签,我设置了theme属性为“simple”,这样可以取消其默认的表格布局。之前,有些朋友问我“如果不希望提交按钮放在右边应该怎样做?”,上述做汗是答案之一。当然,更佳的做法自定义一个theme,并将其设为默认应用到整个站点,如此一来就可以得到统一的站点风格。我会在以后的文章中会对此作详细的描述。
编辑或添加书籍的页面代码如下:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %> <%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" > <html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Book</title> </head> <body> <h2> <s: if test= "null == book" > Add Book </s: if > <s: else > Edit Book </s: else > </h2> <s:form action= "Store" > <s:textfield name= "book.isbn" label= "ISBN" /> <s:textfield name= "book.title" label= "Title" /> <s:textfield name= "book.price" label= "Price" /> <s:submit /> </s:form> </body> </html> |
清单6 WebContent/Book/Edit.jsp
如果book为null,则表明该页面用于添加书籍,反之则为编辑页面。
为了方便大家运行示例,我把web.xml的代码也贴出来,如下:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> <web-app id= "WebApp_9" version= "2.4" xmlns= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi= "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" > <display-name>Struts 2 Fileupload</display-name> <filter> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <filter- class > org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher </filter- class > </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> </web-app> |
清单7 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml
大功告成,下面发布运行应用程序,在浏览器中键入:http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action,出现如下图所示页面:
清单8 列表页面
点击“Add Book”,出现如下图所示页面:
清单9 添加书籍页面
后退回到列表页面,点击“Edit”,出现如下图所示页面:
清单10 编辑书籍页面
总结
本文只是粗略地了介绍Struts 2的CRUD实现方法,所以有很多功能没有实现,如国际化和数据校验等。大家可以在上面例子的基础将其完善,当作练习也不错。有不明白的地方欢迎给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的,在此也非常感谢大家对服务器之家网站的支持!