一、继承映射
继承是面向对象很重要的特性,它实现了代码的服用,在关系模型中同样也有继承关系,这种继承关系其实可以看做是一种枚举关系,一种类型中可以枚举出很多子类型,这些子类型和父对象形成了继承关系,能够对其进行枚举的大部分都可以看做是一种继承映射,所以这种枚举关系可以看做是继承映射,例如动物就是一种抽象类,它是其它动物猪、猫等的父类,它们之间就是一种继承关系,如下图:
这种继承映射在转化为关系模型后会生成一张表,那么这张表是如何区分这两种类型的呢?用的是关系字段,需要在表中添加类型字段,使用关键字来标明对象的类型。所以上图中的对象模型对应的表结构如下:
在生成表结构时,需要添加对应的字段类型,所以需要在映射文件中添加对应的映射鉴别器,这里就需要使用discriminator-value属性。
1.类文件
类文件中没有需要注意的地方,在编写时注意之间的继承关系即可。
清单一:Animal类代码,只需要添加基本的属性。
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package com.src.hibernate; public class Animal { //id号 private int id; public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id) { this .id = id; } //名称 private String name; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this .name = name; } //性别 private boolean sex; public boolean isSex() { return sex; } public void setSex( boolean sex) { this .sex = sex; } } |
清单二:Bird和Pig类,添加基本的属性,并继承Animal类。
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package com.src.hibernate; public class Bird extends Animal { //高度 private int height; public int getHeight() { return height; } public void setHeight( int height) { this .height = height; } } package com.src.hibernate; public class Pig extends Animal { //重量 private int weight; public int getWeight() { return weight; } public void setWeight( int weight) { this .weight = weight; } } |
2.映射文件
映射文件中需要添加对应的映射,该模型中只需要添加一个映射文件,因为只生成一张表,在映射文件中添加对应的子类映射,使用<subclass>标签,标签中添加鉴别器discriminator-value,该鉴别器属性指明了在数据库中写入数据时指示写入的是何种类型,如下:
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<? xml version = "1.0" ?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> < hibernate-mapping > < class name = "com.src.hibernate.Animal" table = "t_animal" > < id name = "id" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > <!-- 加入鉴别标签,且必须放在id后面 --> < discriminator column = "type" /> < property name = "name" /> < property name = "sex" type = "boolean" /> < subclass name = "com.src.hibernate.Pig" discriminator-value = "P" > < property name = "weight" /> </ subclass > < subclass name = "com.src.hibernate.Bird" discriminator-value = "B" > < property name = "height" /> </ subclass > </ class > </ hibernate-mapping > |
3.分析结果
生成的MySQL数据库表中不仅会添加Animal的基本属性,而且会添加Pig和Bird的属性,因为在映射文件中使用<subclass>写出了所添加的属性,另外还添加了相应的鉴别器属性,所以在数据库中会添加对应的鉴别列,生成的表结构如下图:
二、数据操作
1.写入数据
在进行数据读取和写入操作时需要注意类中的操作使用了
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public void testSave(){ Session session= null ; try { //创建session对象 session=HibernateUtils.getSession(); //开启事务 session.beginTransaction(); Pig pig= new Pig(); pig.setName( "小猪猪" ); pig.setSex( true ); pig.setWeight( 200 ); session.save(pig); Bird bird= new Bird(); bird.setName( "xiaoniaoniao" ); bird.setSex( true ); bird.setHeight( 100 ); session.save(bird); session.getTransaction().commit(); } catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); session.getTransaction().rollback(); } finally { HibernateUtils.closeSession(session); } } |
2.多态查询--get和hql
基本的查询方法,只需要使用load和get方法即可,这里重点讨论多态查询。多态查询是指Hibernate在加载对象时能够采用instanceof鉴别出其真正的类型的对象即可为多态查询。
Note:多态查询不支持延迟加载,也就是说如果使用load方法,需要在映射文件中将延迟加载设置为false。
3.load延迟加载
load支持延迟加载,在加载对象时其实生成的是对象的代理,所以在使用多态查询时需要在映射文件中将延迟加载设置为false,如下:
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<? xml version = "1.0" ?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> < hibernate-mapping > < class name = "com.src.hibernate.Animal" table = "t_animal" lazy = "false" > < id name = "id" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > <!-- 加入鉴别标签,且必须放在id后面 --> < discriminator column = "type" /> < property name = "name" /> < property name = "sex" type = "boolean" /> < subclass name = "com.src.hibernate.Pig" discriminator-value = "P" > < property name = "weight" /> </ subclass > < subclass name = "com.src.hibernate.Bird" discriminator-value = "B" > < property name = "height" /> </ subclass > </ class > </ hibernate-mapping > |
load加载方法,使用load加载该示例中支持多态查询,在配置文件中将延迟加载设置为false,所以这里使用load方法能够加载获得相应的对象类。
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public void testLoad(){ Session session= null ; try { session=HibernateUtils.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); Animal ani=(Animal)session.load(Animal. class , 1 ); System.out.println(ani.getName()); //因为load默认支持lazy,所以我们看到的是Animal的代理 //所以采用了instanceof无法鉴别出真正的类型Pig //所以load在此情况下是不支持多态查询的 if (ani instanceof Pig){ System.out.println( "我是小猪猪!" ); } else { System.out.println( "我不是小猪猪!" ); } session.getTransaction().commit(); } catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); session.getTransaction().rollback(); } finally { HibernateUtils.closeSession(session); } } |
4.hql查询
hql支持多态查询,这主要由于查询出的是一个真正的对象,并不会返回一个代理,所以hql支持多态查询,另外在查询时需要注意查询语句中不要使用表名,而是要使用类名称,Hibernate会根据类名称将其映射为对应的表名称,如下:
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public void testLoad5(){ Session session= null ; try { session=HibernateUtils.getSession(); session.beginTransaction(); List<Animal> list=session.createQuery( "from Animal" ).list(); for (Iterator iter=list.iterator();iter.hasNext();){ Animal a=(Animal)iter.next(); if (a instanceof Pig){ System.out.println( "我是小猪猪!" ); } else { System.out.println( "我不是小猪猪!" ); } } session.getTransaction().commit(); } catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); session.getTransaction().rollback(); } finally { HibernateUtils.closeSession(session); } } |
查询结果:
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Hibernate: select animal0_.id as id0_, animal0_.name as name0_, animal0_.sex as sex0_, animal0_.weight as weight0_, animal0_.height as height0_, animal0_.type as type0_ from t_animal animal0_ 我是小猪猪! 我不是小猪猪! 我是小猪猪! 我不是小猪猪! |
三、继承映射三种策略
1. 每个类分层结构一张表(Table per class hierarchy)
假设我们有接口Payment和它的几个实现类: CreditCardPayment, CashPayment, 和ChequePayment。则“每个类分层结构一张表”(Table per class hierarchy)的映射代码如下所示:
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< class name = "Payment" table = "PAYMENT" > < id name = "id" type = "long" column = "PAYMENT_ID" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > < discriminator column = "PAYMENT_TYPE" type = "string" /> < property name = "amount" column = "AMOUNT" /> ... < subclass name = "CreditCardPayment" discriminator-value = "CREDIT" > < property name = "creditCardType" column = "CCTYPE" /> ... </ subclass > < subclass name = "CashPayment" discriminator-value = "CASH" > ... </ subclass > < subclass name = "ChequePayment" discriminator-value = "CHEQUE" > ... </ subclass > </ class > |
采用这种策略只需要一张表即可。它有一个很大的限制:要求那些由子类定义的字段, 如CCTYPE,不能有非空(NOT NULL)约束。
2. 每个子类一张表(Table per subclass)
对于上例中的几个类而言,采用“每个子类一张表”的映射策略,代码如下所示:
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< class name = "Payment" table = "PAYMENT" > < id name = "id" type = "long" column = "PAYMENT_ID" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > < property name = "amount" column = "AMOUNT" /> ... < joined-subclass name = "CreditCardPayment" table = "CREDIT_PAYMENT" > < key column = "PAYMENT_ID" /> ... </ joined-subclass > < joined-subclass name = "CashPayment" table = "CASH_PAYMENT" > < key column = "PAYMENT_ID" /> < property name = "creditCardType" column = "CCTYPE" /> ... </ joined-subclass > < joined-subclass name = "ChequePayment" table = "CHEQUE_PAYMENT" > < key column = "PAYMENT_ID" /> ... </ joined-subclass > </ class > |
需要四张表。三个子类表通过主键关联到超类表(因而关系模型实际上是一对一关联)。
3. 每个子类一张表(Table per subclass),使用辨别标志(Discriminator)
注意,对“每个子类一张表”的映射策略,Hibernate的实现不需要辨别字段,而其他 的对象/关系映射工具使用了一种不同于Hibernate的实现方法,该方法要求在超类 表中有一个类型辨别字段(type discriminator column)。Hibernate采用的方法更 难实现,但从关系(数据库)这点上来看,按理说它更正确。若你愿意使用带有辨别字 段的“每个子类一张表”的策略,你可以结合使用<subclass> 与<join>,如下所示:
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< class name = "Payment" table = "PAYMENT" > < id name = "id" type = "long" column = "PAYMENT_ID" > < generator class = "native" /> </ id > < discriminator column = "PAYMENT_TYPE" type = "string" /> < property name = "amount" column = "AMOUNT" /> ... < subclass name = "CreditCardPayment" discriminator-value = "CREDIT" > < join table = "CREDIT_PAYMENT" > < property name = "creditCardType" column = "CCTYPE" /> ... </ join > </ subclass > < subclass name = "CashPayment" discriminator-value = "CASH" > < join table = "CASH_PAYMENT" > ... </ join > </ subclass > < subclass name = "ChequePayment" discriminator-value = "CHEQUE" > < join table = "CHEQUE_PAYMENT" fetch = "select" > ... </ join > </ subclass > </ class > |
可选的声明fetch="select",是用来告诉Hibernate,在查询超类时, 不要使用外部连接(outer join)来抓取子类ChequePayment的数据。