本文实例讲述了Python简明入门教程。分享给大家供大家参考。具体如下:
一、基本概念
1、数
在Python中有4种类型的数——整数、长整数、浮点数和复数。
(1)2是一个整数的例子。
(2)长整数不过是大一些的整数。
(2)3.23和52.3E-4是浮点数的例子。E标记表示10的幂。在这里,52.3E-4表示52.3 * 10-4。
(4)(-5+4j)和(2.3-4.6j)是复数的例子。
2、字符串
(1)使用单引号(')
(2)使用双引号(")
(3)使用三引号('''或""")
利用三引号,你可以指示一个多行的字符串。你可以在三引号中自由的使用单引号和双引号。例如:
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'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line. This is the second line. "What's your name?," I asked. He said "Bond, James Bond." ''' |
(4)转义符
(5)自然字符串
自然字符串通过给字符串加上前缀r或R来指定。例如r"Newlines are indicated by \n"。
3、逻辑行与物理行
一个物理行中使用多于一个逻辑行,需要使用分号(;)来特别地标明这种用法。一个物理行只有一个逻辑行可不用分号
二、控制流
1、if
块中不用大括号,条件后用分号,对应elif和else
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if guess = = number: print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' # New block starts here elif guess < number: print 'No, it is a little higher than that' # Another block else : print 'No, it is a little lower than that' |
2、while
用分号,可搭配else
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while running: guess = int ( raw_input ( 'Enter an integer : ' )) if guess = = number: print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' running = False # this causes the while loop to stop elif guess < number: print 'No, it is a little higher than that' else : print 'No, it is a little lower than that' else : print 'The while loop is over.' # Do anything else you want to do here |
3、for
用分号,搭配else
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for i in range ( 1 , 5 ): print i else : print 'The for loop is over' |
4、break和continue
同C语言
三、函数
1、定义与调用
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def sayHello(): print 'Hello World!' # block belonging to the function sayHello() # call the function |
2、函数形参
类C语言
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def printMax(a, b): if a > b: print a, 'is maximum' else : print b, 'is maximum' |
3、局部变量
加global可申明为全局变量
4、默认参数值
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def say(message, times = 1 ): print message * times |
5、关键参数
如果某个函数有许多参数,而只想指定其中的一部分,那么可以通过命名来为这些参数赋值——这被称作 关键参数 ——使用名字(关键字)而不是位置来给函数指定实参。这样做有两个 优势 ——一,由于不必担心参数的顺序,使用函数变得更加简单了。二、假设其他参数都有默认值,可以只给我们想要的那些参数赋值。
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def func(a, b = 5 , c = 10 ): print 'a is' , a, 'and b is' , b, 'and c is' , c func( 3 , 7 ) func( 25 , c = 24 ) func(c = 50 , a = 100 ) |
6、return
四、模块
1、使用模块
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import sys print 'The command line arguments are:' for i in sys.argv: print i |
如果想要直接输入argv变量到程序中(避免在每次使用它时打sys.),可以使用from sys import argv语句
2、dir()函数
可以使用内建的dir函数来列出模块定义的标识符。标识符有函数、类和变量。
五、数据结构
1、列表
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shoplist = [ 'apple' , 'mango' , 'carrot' , 'banana' ] print 'I have' , len (shoplist), 'items to purchase.' print 'These items are:' , # Notice the comma at end of the line for item in shoplist: print item, print '\nI also have to buy rice.' shoplist.append( 'rice' ) print 'My shopping list is now' , shoplist print 'I will sort my list now' shoplist.sort() print 'Sorted shopping list is' , shoplist print 'The first item I will buy is' , shoplist[ 0 ] olditem = shoplist[ 0 ] del shoplist[ 0 ] print 'I bought the' , olditem print 'My shopping list is now' , shoplist |
2、元组
元组和列表十分类似,只不过元组和字符串一样是不可变的即你不能修改元组。
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zoo = ( 'wolf' , 'elephant' , 'penguin' ) print 'Number of animals in the zoo is' , len (zoo) new_zoo = ( 'monkey' , 'dolphin' , zoo) print 'Number of animals in the new zoo is' , len (new_zoo) print 'All animals in new zoo are' , new_zoo print 'Animals brought from old zoo are' , new_zoo[ 2 ] print 'Last animal brought from old zoo is' , new_zoo[ 2 ][ 2 ] |
像一棵树
元组与打印
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age = 22 name = 'Swaroop' print '%s is %d years old' % (name, age) print 'Why is %s playing with that python?' % name |
3、字典
类似哈希
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ab = { 'Swaroop' : 'swaroopch@byteofpython.info' , 'Larry' : 'larry@wall.org' , 'Matsumoto' : 'matz@ruby-lang.org' , 'Spammer' : 'spammer@hotmail.com' } print "Swaroop's address is %s" % ab['Swaroop'] # Adding a key/value pair ab[ 'Guido' ] = 'guido@python.org' # Deleting a key/value pair del ab[ 'Spammer' ] print '\nThere are %d contacts in the address-book\n' % len (ab) for name, address in ab.items(): print 'Contact %s at %s' % (name, address) if 'Guido' in ab: # OR ab.has_key('Guido') print "\nGuido's address is %s" % ab['Guido'] |
4、序列
列表、元组和字符串都是序列。序列的两个主要特点是索引操作符和切片操作符。
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shoplist = [ 'apple' , 'mango' , 'carrot' , 'banana' ] # Indexing or 'Subscription' operation print 'Item 0 is' , shoplist[ 0 ] print 'Item 1 is' , shoplist[ 1 ] print 'Item -1 is' , shoplist[ - 1 ] print 'Item -2 is' , shoplist[ - 2 ] # Slicing on a list print 'Item 1 to 3 is' , shoplist[ 1 : 3 ] print 'Item 2 to end is' , shoplist[ 2 :] print 'Item 1 to -1 is' , shoplist[ 1 : - 1 ] print 'Item start to end is' , shoplist[:] # Slicing on a string name = 'swaroop' print 'characters 1 to 3 is' , name[ 1 : 3 ] print 'characters 2 to end is' , name[ 2 :] print 'characters 1 to -1 is' , name[ 1 : - 1 ] print 'characters start to end is' , name[:] |
5、参考
当你创建一个对象并给它赋一个变量的时候,这个变量仅仅参考那个对象,而不是表示这个对象本身!也就是说,变量名指向你计算机中存储那个对象的内存。这被称作名称到对象的绑定。
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print 'Simple Assignment' shoplist = [ 'apple' , 'mango' , 'carrot' , 'banana' ] mylist = shoplist # mylist is just another name pointing to the same object! del shoplist[ 0 ] print 'shoplist is' , shoplist print 'mylist is' , mylist # notice that both shoplist and mylist both print the same list without # the 'apple' confirming that they point to the same object print 'Copy by making a full slice' mylist = shoplist[:] # make a copy by doing a full slice del mylist[ 0 ] # remove first item print 'shoplist is' , shoplist print 'mylist is' , mylist # notice that now the two lists are different |
6、字符串
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name = 'Swaroop' # This is a string object if name.startswith( 'Swa' ): print 'Yes, the string starts with "Swa"' if 'a' in name: print 'Yes, it contains the string "a"' if name.find( 'war' ) ! = - 1 : print 'Yes, it contains the string "war"' delimiter = '_*_' mylist = [ 'Brazil' , 'Russia' , 'India' , 'China' ] print delimiter.join(mylist) / / 用delimiter来连接mylist的字符 |
六、面向对象的编程
1、self
Python中的self等价于C++中的self指针和Java、C#中的this参考
2、创建类
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class Person: pass # An empty block p = Person() print p |
3、对象的方法
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class Person: def sayHi( self ): print 'Hello, how are you?' p = Person() p.sayHi() |
4、初始化
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class Person: def __init__( self , name): self .name = name def sayHi( self ): print 'Hello, my name is' , self .name p = Person( 'Swaroop' ) p.sayHi() |
5、类与对象的方法
类的变量 由一个类的所有对象(实例)共享使用。只有一个类变量的拷贝,所以当某个对象对类的变量做了改动的时候,这个改动会反映到所有其他的实例上。
对象的变量 由类的每个对象/实例拥有。因此每个对象有自己对这个域的一份拷贝,即它们不是共享的,在同一个类的不同实例中,虽然对象的变量有相同的名称,但是是互不相关的。
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class Person: '''Represents a person.''' population = 0 def __init__( self , name): '''Initializes the person's data.''' self .name = name print '(Initializing %s)' % self .name # When this person is created, he/she # adds to the population Person.population + = 1 |
population属于Person类,因此是一个类的变量。name变量属于对象(它使用self赋值)因此是对象的变量。
6、继承
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class SchoolMember: '''Represents any school member.''' def __init__( self , name, age): self .name = name class Teacher(SchoolMember): '''Represents a teacher.''' def __init__( self , name, age, salary): SchoolMember.__init__( self , name, age) self .salary = salary |
七、输入输出
1、文件
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f = file ( 'poem.txt' , 'w' ) # open for 'w'riting f.write(poem) # write text to file f.close() # close the file f = file ( 'poem.txt' ) # if no mode is specified, 'r'ead mode is assumed by default while True : line = f.readline() if len (line) = = 0 : # Zero length indicates EOF break print line, # Notice comma to avoid automatic newline added by Python f.close() # close the file |
2、存储器
持久性
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import cPickle as p #import pickle as p shoplistfile = 'shoplist.data' # the name of the file where we will store the object shoplist = [ 'apple' , 'mango' , 'carrot' ] # Write to the file f = file (shoplistfile, 'w' ) p.dump(shoplist, f) # dump the object to a file f.close() del shoplist # remove the shoplist # Read back from the storage f = file (shoplistfile) storedlist = p.load(f) print storedlist |
3、控制台输入
输入字符串 nID = raw_input("Input your id plz")
输入整数 nAge = int(raw_input("input your age plz:\n"))
输入浮点型 fWeight = float(raw_input("input your weight\n"))
输入16进制数据 nHex = int(raw_input('input hex value(like 0x20):\n'),16)
输入8进制数据 nOct = int(raw_input('input oct value(like 020):\n'),8)
八、异常
1、try..except
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import sys try : s = raw_input ( 'Enter something --> ' ) except EOFError: print '\nWhy did you do an EOF on me?' sys.exit() # exit the program except : print '\nSome error/exception occurred.' # here, we are not exiting the program print 'Done' |
2、引发异常
使用raise语句引发异常。你还得指明错误/异常的名称和伴随异常 触发的 异常对象。你可以引发的错误或异常应该分别是一个Error或Exception类的直接或间接导出类。
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class ShortInputException(Exception): '''A user-defined exception class.''' def __init__( self , length, atleast): Exception.__init__( self ) self .length = length self .atleast = atleast raise ShortInputException( len (s), 3 ) |
3、try..finnally
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import time try : f = file ( 'poem.txt' ) while True : # our usual file-reading idiom line = f.readline() if len (line) = = 0 : break time.sleep( 2 ) print line, finally : f.close() print 'Cleaning up...closed the file' |
九、Python标准库
1、sys库
sys模块包含系统对应的功能。sys.argv列表,它包含命令行参数。
2、os库
os.name字符串指示你正在使用的平台。比如对于Windows,它是'nt',而对于Linux/Unix用户,它是'posix'。
os.getcwd()函数得到当前工作目录,即当前Python脚本工作的目录路径。
os.getenv()和os.putenv()函数分别用来读取和设置环境变量。
os.listdir()返回指定目录下的所有文件和目录名。
os.remove()函数用来删除一个文件。
os.system()函数用来运行shell命令。
os.linesep字符串给出当前平台使用的行终止符。例如,Windows使用'\r\n',Linux使用'\n'而Mac使用'\r'。
os.path.split()函数返回一个路径的目录名和文件名。
>>> os.path.split('/home/swaroop/byte/code/poem.txt')
('/home/swaroop/byte/code', 'poem.txt')
os.path.isfile()和os.path.isdir()函数分别检验给出的路径是一个文件还是目录。类似地,os.path.existe()函数用来检验给出的路径是否真地存在。
希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。