序列化Serialization
1. 设置一个新的环境
在我们开始之前, 我们首先使用virtualenv要创建一个新的虚拟环境,以使我们的配置和我们的其他项目配置彻底分开。
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$ mkdir ~ /env $virtualenv ~ /env/tutorial $ source ~ /env/tutorial/bin/avtivate |
现在我们处在一个虚拟的环境中,开始安装我们的依赖包
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$pip install django $pip install djangorestframework $pip install pygments //// 使用这个包,做代码高亮显示 |
需要退出虚拟环境时,运行deactivate。更多信息,irtualenv document
2. 开始
环境准备好只好,我们开始创建我们的项目
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$ cd ~ $ django-admin.py startproject tutorial $ cd tutorial |
项目创建好后,我们再创建一个简单的app
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$python manage.py startapp snippets |
我们使用sqlite3来运行我们的项目tutorial,编辑tutorial/settings.py, 将数据库的默认引擎engine改为sqlite3, 数据库的名字NAME改为tmp.db
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DATABASES = { 'default' : { 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3' , 'NAME' : 'tmp.db' , 'USER' : '', 'PASSWORD' : '', 'HOST' : '', 'PORT' : '', } } |
同时更改settings.py文件中的INSTALLD_APPS,添加我们的APP snippets和rest_framework
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INSTALLED_APPS = ( ... 'rest_framework' , 'snippets' , ) |
在tutorial/urls.py中,将snippets app的url包含进来
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urlpatterns = patterns('', url(r '^' , include( 'snippets.urls' )), ) |
3. 创建Model
这里我们创建一个简单的nippets model,目的是用来存储代码片段。
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from django.db import models from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers from pygments.styles import get_all_styles LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[ 1 ]] LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted ([(item[ 1 ][ 0 ], item[ 0 ]) for item in LEXERS]) STYLE_CHOICES = sorted ((item, item) for item in get_all_styles()) class Snippet(models.Model): created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add = True ) title = models.CharField(max_length = 100 , default = '') code = models.TextField() linenos = models.BooleanField(default = False ) language = models.CharField(choices = LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default = 'python' , max_length = 100 ) style = models.CharField(choices = STYLE_CHOICES, default = 'friendly' , max_length = 100 ) class Meta: ordering = ( 'created' ,) |
完成model时,记得sync下数据库
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python manage.py syncdb |
4. 创建序列化类
我们要使用我们的web api,要做的第一件事就是序列化和反序列化, 以便snippets实例能转换为可表述的内容,例如json. 我们声明一个可有效工作的串行器serializer。在snippets目录下面,该串行器与django 的表单形式很类似。创建一个serializers.py ,并将下面内容拷贝到文件中。
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from django.forms import widgets from rest_framework import serializers from snippets.models import Snippet class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer): pk = serializers.Field() # Note: `Field` is an untyped read-only field. title = serializers.CharField(required = False , max_length = 100 ) code = serializers.CharField(widget = widgets.Textarea, max_length = 100000 ) linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required = False ) language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices = models.LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default = 'python' ) style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices = models.STYLE_CHOICES, default = 'friendly' ) def restore_object( self , attrs, instance = None ): """ Create or update a new snippet instance. """ if instance: # Update existing instance instance.title = attrs[ 'title' ] instance.code = attrs[ 'code' ] instance.linenos = attrs[ 'linenos' ] instance.language = attrs[ 'language' ] instance.style = attrs[ 'style' ] return instance # Create new instance return Snippet( * * attrs) |
该序列化类的前面部分,定义了要序列化和反序列化的类型,restore_object 方法定义了如何通过反序列化数据,生成正确的对象实例。
我们也可以使用ModelSerializer来快速生成,后面我们将节省如何使用它。
5. 使用 Serializers
在我们使用我们定义的SnippetsSerializers之前,我们先熟悉下Snippets.
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$python manage.py shell |
进入shell终端后,输入以下代码:
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from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser snippet = Snippet(code = 'print "hello, world"\n' ) snippet.save() |
我们现在获得了一个Snippets的实例,现在我们对他进行以下序列化
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serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) serializer.data # {'pk': 1, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print "hello, world"\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'} |
这时,我们将该实例转成了python原生的数据类型。下面我们将该数据转换成json格式,以完成序列化:
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content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data) content # '{"pk": 1, "title": "", "code": "print \\"hello, world\\"\\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}' |
反序列化也很简单,首先我们要将一个输入流(content),转换成python的原生数据类型
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import StringIO stream = StringIO.StringIO(content) data = JSONParser().parse(stream) |
然后我们将该原生数据类型,转换成对象实例
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serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = data) serializer.is_valid() # True serializer. object # <Snippet: Snippet object> |
注意这些API和django表单的相似处。这些相似点, 在我们讲述在view中使用serializers时将更加明显。
6. 使用 ModelSerializers
SnippetSerializer使用了许多和Snippet中相同的代码。如果我们能把这部分代码去掉,看上去将更佳简洁。
类似与django提供Form类和ModelForm类,Rest Framework也包含了Serializer 类和 ModelSerializer类。
打开snippets/serializers.py ,修改SnippetSerializer类:
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class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Snippet fields = ( 'id' , 'title' , 'code' , 'linenos' , 'language' , 'style' ) |
7. 通过Serializer编写Django View
让我们来看一下,如何通过我们创建的serializer类编写django view。这里我们不使用rest framework的其他特性,仅编写正常的django view。
我们创建一个HttpResponse 子类,这样我们可以将我们返回的任何数据转换成json。
在snippet/views.py中添加以下内容:
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from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer class JSONResponse(HttpResponse): """ An HttpResponse that renders it's content into JSON. """ def __init__( self , data, * * kwargs): content = JSONRenderer().render(data) kwargs[ 'content_type' ] = 'application/json' super (JSONResponse, self ).__init__(content, * * kwargs) |
我们API的目的是,可以通过view来列举全部的Snippet的内容,或者创建一个新的snippet
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@csrf_exempt def snippet_list(request): """ List all code snippets, or create a new snippet. """ if request.method = = 'GET' : snippets = Snippet.objects. all () serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets) return JSONResponse(serializer.data) elif request.method = = 'POST' : data = JSONParser().parse(request) serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = data) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return JSONResponse(serializer.data, status = 201 ) else : return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status = 400 ) |
注意,因为我们要通过client向该view post一个请求,所以我们要将该view 标注为csrf_exempt, 以说明不是一个CSRF事件。
Note that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as csrf_exempt. This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.
我们也需要一个view来操作一个单独的Snippet,以便能更新/删除该对象。
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@csrf_exempt def snippet_detail(request, pk): """ Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet. """ try : snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk = pk) except Snippet.DoesNotExist: return HttpResponse(status = 404 ) if request.method = = 'GET' : serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) return JSONResponse(serializer.data) elif request.method = = 'PUT' : data = JSONParser().parse(request) serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data = data) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return JSONResponse(serializer.data) else : return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status = 400 ) elif request.method = = 'DELETE' : snippet.delete() return HttpResponse(status = 204 ) |
将views.py保存,在Snippets目录下面创建urls.py,添加以下内容:
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urlpatterns = patterns( 'snippets.views' , url(r '^snippets/$' , 'snippet_list' ), url(r '^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$' , 'snippet_detail' ), ) |
注意我们有些边缘事件没有处理,服务器可能会抛出500异常。
8. 测试
现在我们启动server来测试我们的Snippet。
在python mange.py shell终端下执行(如果前面进入还没有退出)
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>>quit() |
执行下面的命令, 运行我们的server:
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python manage.py runserver Validating models... 0 errors found Django version 1.4.3, using settings 'tutorial.settings' Development server is running at http: //127 .0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C. |
新开一个terminal来测试我们的server
序列化:
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url http: / / 127.0 . 0.1 : 8000 / snippets / [{ "id" : 1 , "title" : " ", " code ": " print \ "hello, world\"\n" , "linenos" : false, "language" : "python" , "style" : "friendly" }] url http: / / 127.0 . 0.1 : 8000 / snippets / 1 / { "id" : 1 , "title" : " ", " code ": " print \ "hello, world\"\n" , "linenos" : false, "language" : "python" , "style" : "friendly" } |
Request and Response
1. Request Object ——Request对象
rest framework 引入了一个继承自HttpRequest的Request对象,该对象提供了对请求的更灵活解析。request对象的核心部分是request.data属性,类似于request.post, 但在使用WEB API时,request.data更有效。
(1)request.POST # Only handles form data. Only works for 'POST' method.
(2)request.DATA # Handles arbitrary data. Works any HTTP request with content.
2. Response Object ——Response对象
rest framework引入了一个Response 对象,它继承自TemplateResponse对象。它获得未渲染的内容并通过内容协商content negotiation 来决定正确的content type返回给client。
return Response(data) # Renders to content type as requested by the client.
3. Status Codes
在views当中使用数字化的HTTP状态码,会使你的代码不宜阅读,且不容易发现代码中的错误。rest framework为每个状态码提供了更明确的标识。例如HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST。相比于使用数字,在整个views中使用这类标识符将更好。
4. 封装API views
在编写API views时,REST Framework提供了两种wrappers:
1). @api_viwe 装饰器 ——函数级别
2). APIView 类——类级别
这两种封装器提供了许多功能,例如,确保在view当中能够接收到Request实例;往Response中增加内容以便内容协商content negotiation 机制能够执行。
封装器也提供一些行为,例如在适当的时候返回405 Methord Not Allowed响应;在访问多类型的输入request.DATA时,处理任何的ParseError异常。
5. 汇总
我们开始用这些新的组件来写一些views。
我们不在需要JESONResponse 类(在前一篇中创建),将它删除。删除后我们开始稍微重构下我们的view
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from rest_framework import status from rest_framework.decorators import api_view from rest_framework.response import Response from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer @api_view ([ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def snippet_list(request): """ List all snippets, or create a new snippet. """ if request.method = = 'GET' : snippets = Snippet.objects. all () serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets) return Response(serializer.data) elif request.method = = 'POST' : serializer = SnippetSerializer(data = request.DATA) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data, status = status.HTTP_201_CREATED) else : return Response(serializer.errors, status = status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) |
上面的代码是对我们之前代码的改进。看上去更简洁,也更类似于django的forms api形式。我们也采用了状态码,使返回值更加明确。
下面是对单个snippet操作的view更新:
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@api_view ([ 'GET' , 'PUT' , 'DELETE' ]) def snippet_detail(request, pk): """ Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance. """ try : snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk = pk) except Snippet.DoesNotExist: return Response(status = status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND) if request.method = = 'GET' : serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) return Response(serializer.data) elif request.method = = 'PUT' : serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data = request.DATA) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data) else : return Response(serializer.errors, status = status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) elif request.method = = 'DELETE' : snippet.delete() return Response(status = status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT) |
注意,我们并没有明确的要求requests或者responses给出content type。request.DATA可以处理输入的json请求,也可以输入yaml和其他格式。类似的在response返回数据时,REST Framework返回正确的content type给client。
6. 给URLs增加可选的格式后缀
利用在response时不需要指定content type这一事实,我们在API端增加格式的后缀。使用格式后缀,可以明确的指出使用某种格式,意味着我们的API可以处理类似http://example.com/api/items/4.json.的URL。
增加format参数在views中,如:
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def snippet_list(request, format = None ): and def snippet_detail(request, pk, format = None ): |
现在稍微改动urls.py文件,在现有的URLs中添加一个格式后缀pattterns (format_suffix_patterns):
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from django.conf.urls import patterns, url from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns urlpatterns = patterns( 'snippets.views' , url(r '^snippets/$' , 'snippet_list' ), url(r '^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)$' , 'snippet_detail' ), ) urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns) |
这些额外的url patterns并不是必须的。