用python制作普通贪吃蛇
哈喽，大家不知道是上午好还是中午好还是下午好还是晚上好！
贪吃蛇，应该是90后小时候的记忆（连我这个00后也不例外），今天，我们就用python这款编程语言来实现贪吃蛇
系统：所有都可以
需导入模块：
- random
- pygame
- pygame.locals
- sys
下载以上模块指令：
random和sys是Python自带的，我们只需要下载pygame即可
下载pygame：
在开始菜单输入“cmd”回车打开，输入``指令：pip install pygame
苹果电脑需要改成：pip3 install pygame
下载好后，打开python的shell界面，输入import pygame，回车，如果没报错，及代表安装完成。
接下来什么都不说，直接奉上代码（恕我没写注释）：
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import randomimport pygameimport sysfrom pygame.locals import * Snakespeed = 17Window_Width = 800Window_Height = 500Cell_Size = 20 # Width and height of the cells# Ensuring that the cells fit perfectly in the window. eg if cell size was# 10 and window width or windowheight were 15 only 1.5 cells would# fit.assert Window_Width % Cell_Size == 0, "Window width must be a multiple of cell size."# Ensuring that only whole integer number of cells fit perfectly in the window.assert Window_Height % Cell_Size == 0, "Window height must be a multiple of cell size."Cell_W = int(Window_Width / Cell_Size) # Cell WidthCell_H = int(Window_Height / Cell_Size) # Cellc Height White = (255, 255, 255)Black = (0, 0, 0)Red = (255, 0, 0) # Defining element colors for the program.Green = (0, 255, 0)DARKGreen = (0, 155, 0)DARKGRAY = (40, 40, 40)YELLOW = (255, 255, 0)Red_DARK = (150, 0, 0)BLUE = (0, 0, 255)BLUE_DARK = (0, 0, 150) BGCOLOR = Black # Background color UP = 'up'DOWN = 'down' # Defining keyboard keys.LEFT = 'left'RIGHT = 'right' HEAD = 0 # Syntactic sugar: index of the snake's head def main(): global SnakespeedCLOCK, DISPLAYSURF, BASICFONT pygame.init() SnakespeedCLOCK = pygame.time.Clock() DISPLAYSURF = pygame.display.set_mode((Window_Width, Window_Height)) BASICFONT = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 18) pygame.display.set_caption('Snake') showStartScreen() while True: runGame() showGameOverScreen() def runGame(): # Set a random start point. startx = random.randint(5, Cell_W - 6) starty = random.randint(5, Cell_H - 6) wormCoords = [{'x': startx, 'y': starty}, {'x': startx - 1, 'y': starty}, {'x': startx - 2, 'y': starty}] direction = RIGHT # Start the apple in a random place. apple = getRandomLocation() while True: # main game loop for event in pygame.event.get(): # event handling loop if event.type == QUIT: terminate() elif event.type == KEYDOWN: if (event.key == K_LEFT) and direction != RIGHT: direction = LEFT elif (event.key == K_RIGHT) and direction != LEFT: direction = RIGHT elif (event.key == K_UP) and direction != DOWN: direction = UP elif (event.key == K_DOWN) and direction != UP: direction = DOWN elif event.key == K_ESCAPE: terminate() # check if the Snake has hit itself or the edge if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == Cell_W or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == -1 or wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == Cell_H: return # game over for wormBody in wormCoords[1:]: if wormBody['x'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] and wormBody['y'] == wormCoords[HEAD]['y']: return # game over # check if Snake has eaten an apply if wormCoords[HEAD]['x'] == apple['x'] and wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] == apple['y']: # don't remove worm's tail segment apple = getRandomLocation() # set a new apple somewhere else: del wormCoords[-1] # remove worm's tail segment # move the worm by adding a segment in the direction it is moving if direction == UP: newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] - 1} elif direction == DOWN: newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD]['x'], 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y'] + 1} elif direction == LEFT: newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD][ 'x'] - 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']} elif direction == RIGHT: newHead = {'x': wormCoords[HEAD][ 'x'] + 1, 'y': wormCoords[HEAD]['y']} wormCoords.insert(0, newHead) DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR) drawGrid() drawWorm(wormCoords) drawApple(apple) drawScore(len(wormCoords) - 3) pygame.display.update() SnakespeedCLOCK.tick(Snakespeed) def drawPressKeyMsg(): pressKeySurf = BASICFONT.render('Press a key to play.', True, White) pressKeyRect = pressKeySurf.get_rect() pressKeyRect.topleft = (Window_Width - 200, Window_Height - 30) DISPLAYSURF.blit(pressKeySurf, pressKeyRect) def checkForKeyPress(): if len(pygame.event.get(QUIT)) > 0: terminate() keyUpEvents = pygame.event.get(KEYUP) if len(keyUpEvents) == 0: return None if keyUpEvents[0].key == K_ESCAPE: terminate() return keyUpEvents[0].key def showStartScreen(): titleFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100) titleSurf1 = titleFont.render('Snake!', True, White, DARKGreen) degrees1 = 0 degrees2 = 0 while True: DISPLAYSURF.fill(BGCOLOR) rotatedSurf1 = pygame.transform.rotate(titleSurf1, degrees1) rotatedRect1 = rotatedSurf1.get_rect() rotatedRect1.center = (Window_Width / 2, Window_Height / 2) DISPLAYSURF.blit(rotatedSurf1, rotatedRect1) drawPressKeyMsg() if checkForKeyPress(): pygame.event.get() # clear event queue return pygame.display.update() SnakespeedCLOCK.tick(Snakespeed) degrees1 += 3 # rotate by 3 degrees each frame degrees2 += 7 # rotate by 7 degrees each frame def terminate(): pygame.quit() sys.exit() def getRandomLocation(): return {'x': random.randint(0, Cell_W - 1), 'y': random.randint(0, Cell_H - 1)} def showGameOverScreen(): gameOverFont = pygame.font.Font('freesansbold.ttf', 100) gameSurf = gameOverFont.render('Game', True, White) overSurf = gameOverFont.render('Over', True, White) gameRect = gameSurf.get_rect() overRect = overSurf.get_rect() gameRect.midtop = (Window_Width / 2, 10) overRect.midtop = (Window_Width / 2, gameRect.height + 10 + 25) DISPLAYSURF.blit(gameSurf, gameRect) DISPLAYSURF.blit(overSurf, overRect) drawPressKeyMsg() pygame.display.update() pygame.time.wait(500) checkForKeyPress() # clear out any key presses in the event queue while True: if checkForKeyPress(): pygame.event.get() # clear event queue return def drawScore(score): scoreSurf = BASICFONT.render('Score: %s' % (score), True, White) scoreRect = scoreSurf.get_rect() scoreRect.topleft = (Window_Width - 120, 10) DISPLAYSURF.blit(scoreSurf, scoreRect) def drawWorm(wormCoords): for coord in wormCoords: x = coord['x'] * Cell_Size y = coord['y'] * Cell_Size wormSegmentRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, Cell_Size, Cell_Size) pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGreen, wormSegmentRect) wormInnerSegmentRect = pygame.Rect( x + 4, y + 4, Cell_Size - 8, Cell_Size - 8) pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, Green, wormInnerSegmentRect) def drawApple(coord): x = coord['x'] * Cell_Size y = coord['y'] * Cell_Size appleRect = pygame.Rect(x, y, Cell_Size, Cell_Size) pygame.draw.rect(DISPLAYSURF, Red, appleRect) def drawGrid(): for x in range(0, Window_Width, Cell_Size): # draw vertical lines pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (x, 0), (x, Window_Height)) for y in range(0, Window_Height, Cell_Size): # draw horizontal lines pygame.draw.line(DISPLAYSURF, DARKGRAY, (0, y), (Window_Width, y)) if __name__ == '__main__': try: main() except SystemExit: pass |
以上是贪吃蛇的全部代码，接下来，我们来制作AI版贪吃蛇。
用python制作AI版贪吃蛇
AI版贪吃蛇，即让系统自己玩贪吃蛇，一句话：自己玩自己。下面开始：
系统：什么都可以
需导入的模块：
- pygame
- sys
- time
- random
如果你已经下载好了pygame，即可直接开始。
还是什么都不说，直接奉上代码（这次有注释）
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#coding: utf-8import pygame,sys,time,randomfrom pygame.locals import *# 定义颜色变量redColour = pygame.Color(255,0,0)blackColour = pygame.Color(0,0,0)whiteColour = pygame.Color(255,255,255)greenColour = pygame.Color(0,255,0)headColour = pygame.Color(0,119,255)#注意：在下面所有的除法中，为了防止pygame输出偏差，必须取除数(//)而不是单纯除法(/)# 蛇运动的场地长宽，因为第0行，HEIGHT行，第0列，WIDTH列为围墙，所以实际是13*13HEIGHT = 15WIDTH = 15FIELD_SIZE = HEIGHT * WIDTH# 蛇头位于snake数组的第一个元素HEAD = 0# 用数字代表不同的对象，由于运动时矩阵上每个格子会处理成到达食物的路径长度，# 因此这三个变量间需要有足够大的间隔(>HEIGHT*WIDTH)来互相区分# 小写一般是坐标，大写代表常量FOOD = 0UNDEFINED = (HEIGHT + 1) * (WIDTH + 1)SNAKE = 2 * UNDEFINED# 由于snake是一维数组，所以对应元素直接加上以下值就表示向四个方向移动LEFT = -1RIGHT = 1UP = -WIDTH#一维数组，所以需要整个宽度都加上才能表示上下移动DOWN = WIDTH # 错误码ERR = -2333# 用一维数组来表示二维的东西# board表示蛇运动的矩形场地# 初始化蛇头在(1,1)的地方# 初始蛇长度为1board = [0] * FIELD_SIZE #[0,0,0,……]snake = [0] * (FIELD_SIZE+1)snake[HEAD] = 1*WIDTH+1snake_size = 1# 与上面变量对应的临时变量，蛇试探性地移动时使用tmpboard = [0] * FIELD_SIZEtmpsnake = [0] * (FIELD_SIZE+1)tmpsnake[HEAD] = 1*WIDTH+1tmpsnake_size = 1# food:食物位置初始在(4, 7)# best_move: 运动方向food = 4 * WIDTH + 7best_move = ERR# 运动方向数组，游戏分数(蛇长)mov = [LEFT, RIGHT, UP, DOWN] score = 1# 检查一个cell有没有被蛇身覆盖，没有覆盖则为free，返回truedef is_cell_free(idx, psize, psnake): return not (idx in psnake[:psize]) # 检查某个位置idx是否可向move方向运动def is_move_possible(idx, move): flag = False if move == LEFT: #因为实际范围是13*13,[1,13]*[1,13],所以idx为1时不能往左跑，此时取余为1所以>1 flag = True if idx%WIDTH > 1 else False elif move == RIGHT: #这里的<WIDTH-2跟上面是一样的道理 flag = True if idx%WIDTH < (WIDTH-2) else False elif move == UP: #这里向上的判断画图很好理解，因为在[1,13]*[1,13]的实际运动范围外，还有个 #大框是围墙，就是之前说的那几个行列，下面判断向下运动的条件也是类似的 flag = True if idx > (2*WIDTH-1) else False elif move == DOWN: flag = True if idx < (FIELD_SIZE-2*WIDTH) else False return flag# 重置board# board_BFS后，UNDEFINED值都变为了到达食物的路径长度# 如需要还原，则要重置它def board_reset(psnake, psize, pboard): for i in range(FIELD_SIZE): if i == food: pboard[i] = FOOD elif is_cell_free(i, psize, psnake): # 该位置为空 pboard[i] = UNDEFINED else: # 该位置为蛇身 pboard[i] = SNAKE # 广度优先搜索遍历整个board，# 计算出board中每个非SNAKE元素到达食物的路径长度def board_BFS(pfood, psnake, pboard): queue = [] queue.append(pfood) inqueue = [0] * FIELD_SIZE found = False # while循环结束后，除了蛇的身体， # 其它每个方格中的数字为从它到食物的曼哈顿间距 while len(queue)!=0: idx = queue.pop(0)#初始时idx是食物的坐标 if inqueue[idx] == 1: continue inqueue[idx] = 1 for i in range(4):#左右上下 if is_move_possible(idx, mov[i]): if idx + mov[i] == psnake[HEAD]: found = True if pboard[idx+mov[i]] < SNAKE: # 如果该点不是蛇的身体 if pboard[idx+mov[i]] > pboard[idx]+1:#小于的时候不管，不然会覆盖已有的路径数据 pboard[idx+mov[i]] = pboard[idx] + 1 if inqueue[idx+mov[i]] == 0: queue.append(idx+mov[i]) return found# 从蛇头开始，根据board中元素值，# 从蛇头周围4个领域点中选择最短路径def choose_shortest_safe_move(psnake, pboard): best_move = ERR min = SNAKE for i in range(4): if is_move_possible(psnake[HEAD], mov[i]) and pboard[psnake[HEAD]+mov[i]]<min: #这里判断最小和下面的函数判断最大，都是先赋值，再循环互相比较 min = pboard[psnake[HEAD]+mov[i]] best_move = mov[i] return best_move# 从蛇头开始，根据board中元素值，# 从蛇头周围4个领域点中选择最远路径def choose_longest_safe_move(psnake, pboard): best_move = ERR max = -1 for i in range(4): if is_move_possible(psnake[HEAD], mov[i]) and pboard[psnake[HEAD]+mov[i]]<UNDEFINED and pboard[psnake[HEAD]+mov[i]]>max: max = pboard[psnake[HEAD]+mov[i]] best_move = mov[i] return best_move# 检查是否可以追着蛇尾运动，即蛇头和蛇尾间是有路径的# 为的是避免蛇头陷入死路# 虚拟操作，在tmpboard,tmpsnake中进行def is_tail_inside(): global tmpboard, tmpsnake, food, tmpsnake_size tmpboard[tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1]] = 0 # 虚拟地将蛇尾变为食物(因为是虚拟的，所以在tmpsnake,tmpboard中进行) tmpboard[food] = SNAKE # 放置食物的地方，看成蛇身 result = board_BFS(tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1], tmpsnake, tmpboard) # 求得每个位置到蛇尾的路径长度 for i in range(4): # 如果蛇头和蛇尾紧挨着，则返回False。即不能follow_tail，追着蛇尾运动了 if is_move_possible(tmpsnake[HEAD], mov[i]) and tmpsnake[HEAD]+mov[i]==tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1] and tmpsnake_size>3: result = False return result# 让蛇头朝着蛇尾运行一步# 不管蛇身阻挡，朝蛇尾方向运行def follow_tail(): global tmpboard, tmpsnake, food, tmpsnake_size tmpsnake_size = snake_size tmpsnake = snake[:] board_reset(tmpsnake, tmpsnake_size, tmpboard) # 重置虚拟board tmpboard[tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1]] = FOOD # 让蛇尾成为食物 tmpboard[food] = SNAKE # 让食物的地方变成蛇身 board_BFS(tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1], tmpsnake, tmpboard) # 求得各个位置到达蛇尾的路径长度 tmpboard[tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size-1]] = SNAKE # 还原蛇尾 return choose_longest_safe_move(tmpsnake, tmpboard) # 返回运行方向(让蛇头运动1步)# 在各种方案都不行时，随便找一个可行的方向来走(1步),def any_possible_move(): global food , snake, snake_size, board best_move = ERR board_reset(snake, snake_size, board) board_BFS(food, snake, board) min = SNAKE for i in range(4): if is_move_possible(snake[HEAD], mov[i]) and board[snake[HEAD]+mov[i]]<min: min = board[snake[HEAD]+mov[i]] best_move = mov[i] return best_move #转换数组函数def shift_array(arr, size): for i in range(size, 0, -1): arr[i] = arr[i-1]def new_food():#随机函数生成新的食物 global food, snake_size cell_free = False while not cell_free: w = random.randint(1, WIDTH-2) h = random.randint(1, HEIGHT-2) food = WIDTH*h + w cell_free = is_cell_free(food, snake_size, snake) pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,redColour,Rect(18*(food//WIDTH), 18*(food%WIDTH),18,18))# 真正的蛇在这个函数中，朝pbest_move走1步def make_move(pbest_move): global snake, board, snake_size, score shift_array(snake, snake_size) snake[HEAD] += pbest_move p = snake[HEAD] for body in snake:#画蛇，身体，头，尾 pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,whiteColour,Rect(18*(body//WIDTH), 18*(body%WIDTH),18,18)) pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,greenColour,Rect(18*(snake[snake_size-1]//WIDTH),18*(snake[snake_size-1]%WIDTH),18,18)) pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,headColour,Rect(18*(p//WIDTH), 18*(p%WIDTH),18,18)) #下面一行是把初始情况会出现的第一个白块bug填掉 pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,(255,255,0),Rect(0,0,18,18)) # 刷新pygame显示层 pygame.display.flip() # 如果新加入的蛇头就是食物的位置 # 蛇长加1，产生新的食物，重置board(因为原来那些路径长度已经用不上了) if snake[HEAD] == food: board[snake[HEAD]] = SNAKE # 新的蛇头 snake_size += 1 score += 1 if snake_size < FIELD_SIZE: new_food() else: # 如果新加入的蛇头不是食物的位置 board[snake[HEAD]] = SNAKE # 新的蛇头 board[snake[snake_size]] = UNDEFINED # 蛇尾变为UNDEFINED，黑色 pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,blackColour,Rect(18*(snake[snake_size]//WIDTH),18*(snake[snake_size]%WIDTH),18,18)) # 刷新pygame显示层 pygame.display.flip() # 虚拟地运行一次，然后在调用处检查这次运行可否可行# 可行才真实运行。# 虚拟运行吃到食物后，得到虚拟下蛇在board的位置def virtual_shortest_move(): global snake, board, snake_size, tmpsnake, tmpboard, tmpsnake_size, food tmpsnake_size = snake_size tmpsnake = snake[:] # 如果直接tmpsnake=snake，则两者指向同一处内存 tmpboard = board[:] # board中已经是各位置到达食物的路径长度了，不用再计算 board_reset(tmpsnake, tmpsnake_size, tmpboard) food_eated = False while not food_eated: board_BFS(food, tmpsnake, tmpboard) move = choose_shortest_safe_move(tmpsnake, tmpboard) shift_array(tmpsnake, tmpsnake_size) tmpsnake[HEAD] += move # 在蛇头前加入一个新的位置 # 如果新加入的蛇头的位置正好是食物的位置 # 则长度加1，重置board，食物那个位置变为蛇的一部分(SNAKE) if tmpsnake[HEAD] == food: tmpsnake_size += 1 board_reset(tmpsnake, tmpsnake_size, tmpboard) # 虚拟运行后，蛇在board的位置 tmpboard[food] = SNAKE food_eated = True else: # 如果蛇头不是食物的位置，则新加入的位置为蛇头，最后一个变为空格 tmpboard[tmpsnake[HEAD]] = SNAKE tmpboard[tmpsnake[tmpsnake_size]] = UNDEFINED# 如果蛇与食物间有路径，则调用本函数def find_safe_way(): global snake, board safe_move = ERR # 虚拟地运行一次，因为已经确保蛇与食物间有路径，所以执行有效 # 运行后得到虚拟下蛇在board中的位置，即tmpboard virtual_shortest_move() # 该函数唯一调用处 if is_tail_inside(): # 如果虚拟运行后，蛇头蛇尾间有通路，则选最短路运行(1步) return choose_shortest_safe_move(snake, board) safe_move = follow_tail() # 否则虚拟地follow_tail 1步，如果可以做到，返回true return safe_move#初始化pygamepygame.init()#定义一个变量用来控制游戏速度fpsClock = pygame.time.Clock()# 创建pygame显示层playSurface = pygame.display.set_mode((270,270))pygame.display.set_caption('贪吃蛇')# 绘制pygame显示层playSurface.fill(blackColour)#初始化食物pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,redColour,Rect(18*(food//WIDTH), 18*(food%WIDTH),18,18))while True: for event in pygame.event.get():#循环监听键盘和退出事件 if event.type == QUIT:#如果点了关闭 print(score)#游戏结束后打印分数 pygame.quit() sys.exit() elif event.type == KEYDOWN:#如果esc键被按下 if event.key==K_ESCAPE: print(score)#游戏结束后打印分数 pygame.quit() sys.exit() # 刷新pygame显示层 pygame.display.flip() #画围墙，255,255,0是黄色，边框是36是因为，pygame矩形是以边为初始，向四周填充边框 pygame.draw.rect(playSurface,(255,255,0),Rect(0,0,270,270),36) # 重置距离 board_reset(snake, snake_size, board) # 如果蛇可以吃到食物，board_BFS返回true # 并且board中除了蛇身(=SNAKE)，其它的元素值表示从该点运动到食物的最短路径长 if board_BFS(food, snake, board): best_move = find_safe_way() # find_safe_way的唯一调用处 else: best_move = follow_tail() if best_move == ERR: best_move = any_possible_move() # 上面一次思考，只得出一个方向，运行一步 if best_move != ERR: make_move(best_move) else: print(score)#游戏结束后打印分数 break # 控制游戏速度 fpsClock.tick(20)#20看上去速度正好 |
ok，这就是今天的全部内容866！
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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_50259832/article/details/108166310
