早就听说requests的库的强大,只是还没有接触,今天接触了一下,发现以前使用urllib,urllib2等方法真是太搓了……
这里写些简单的使用初步作为一个记录
一、下载
官方项目页: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests/#downloads
可以从上面直接下载。
二、发送无参数的get请求
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>>> r = requests.get( 'http://httpbin.org/get' ) >>> print r.text { "args" : {}, "headers" : { "Accept" : "*/*" , "Accept-Encoding" : "gzip, deflate" , "Connection" : "close" , "Host" : "httpbin.org" , "User-Agent" : "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7" , "X-Request-Id" : "8a28bbea-55cd-460b-bda3-f3427d66b700" }, "origin" : "124.192.129.84" , "url" : "http://httpbin.org/get" } |
三、发送带参数的get请求,将key与value放入一个字典中,通过params参数来传递,其作用相当于urllib.urlencode
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>>> import requests >>> pqyload = { 'q' : '杨彦星' } >>> r = requests.get( 'http://www.so.com/s' ,params = pqyload) >>> r.url u 'http://www.so.com/s?q=%E6%9D%A8%E5%BD%A6%E6%98%9F' |
四、发送post请求,通过data参数来传递,
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>>> payload = { 'a' : '杨' , 'b' : 'hello' } >>> r = requests.post( "http://httpbin.org/post" , data = payload) >>> print r.text { "args" : {}, "data" : "", "files" : {}, "form" : { "a" : "\u6768" , "b" : "hello" }, "headers" : { "Accept" : "*/*" , "Accept-Encoding" : "gzip, deflate" , "Connection" : "close" , "Content-Length" : "19" , "Content-Type" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" , "Host" : "httpbin.org" , "User-Agent" : "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7" , "X-Request-Id" : "c81cb937-04b8-4a2d-ba32-04b5c0b3ba98" }, "json" : null, "origin" : "124.192.129.84" , "url" : "http://httpbin.org/post" } >>> |
可以看到,post参数已经传到了form里,data不光可以接受字典类型的数据,还可以接受json等格式
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>>> payload = { 'a' : '杨' , 'b' : 'hello' } >>> import json >>> r = requests.post( 'http://httpbin.org/post' , data = json.dumps(payload)) |
五、发送文件的post类型,这个相当于向网站上传一张图片,文档等操作,这时要使用files参数
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>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post' >>> files = { 'file' : open ( 'touxiang.png' , 'rb' )} >>> r = requests.post(url, files = files) |
定制headers,使用headers参数来传递
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>>> import json >>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' >>> payload = { 'some' : 'data' } >>> headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json' } >>> r = requests.post(url, data = json.dumps(payload), headers = headers) |
六、响应内容
响应状态码:
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r = requests.get( 'http://httpbin.org/get' ) print r.status_code |
响应头:
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>>> print r.headers { 'content-length' : '519' , 'server' : 'gunicorn/18.0' , 'connection' : 'keep-alive' , 'date' : 'Sun, 15 Jun 2014 14:19:52 GMT' , 'access-control-allow-origin' : '*' , 'content-type' : 'application/json' } |
也可以取到这个个别的响应头用来做一些判断,这里的参数是不区分大小写的
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r.headers[‘Content - Type '] r.headers.get(‘Content - Type ') |
响应内容,前面已经在应用了:
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r.text r.content |
七、获取响应中的cookies
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>>> r = requests.get( 'http://www.baidu.com' ) >>> r.cookies[ 'BAIDUID' ] 'D5810267346AEFB0F25CB0D6D0E043E6:FG=1' |
也可以自已定义请求的COOKIES
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>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' >>> cookies = { 'cookies_are' : 'working' } >>> r = requests.get(url,cookies = cookies) >>> >>> print r.text { "cookies" : { "cookies_are" : "working" } } >>> |
cookies还有很多,因为目前我也还不是很多,以后再扩充吧
八、使用timeout参数设置超时时间
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>>> requests.get( 'http://github.com' , timeout = 1 ) <Response [ 200 ]> |
如果将时间设置成非常小的数,如
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requests.get( 'http://github.com' , timeout = 0.001 ) |
,那么如果在timeout的时间内没有连接,那么将会抛出一个Timeout的异常
九、访问中使用session
先初始化一个session对象,
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s = requests.Session() |
然后使用这个session对象来进行访问,r = s.post(url,data = user)
以下通过访问人人网来获取首页中的最近来访问,然后再访问查看更多的来访来读取更多的最近来访
更多的来访就是以带session的访问http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do
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#coding:utf-8 import requests import re url = r 'http://www.renren.com/ajaxLogin' user = { 'email' : 'email' , 'password' : 'pass' } s = requests.Session() r = s.post(url,data = user) html = r.text visit = [] first = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip first-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' ) second = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' ) third = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip last-second-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' ) last = re. compile (r '</span><span class="time-tip last-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>' ) visit.extend(first.findall(html)) visit.extend(second.findall(html)) visit.extend(third.findall(html)) visit.extend(last.findall(html)) for i in visit: print i print '以下是更多的最近来访' vm = s.get( 'http://www.renren.com/myfoot.do' ) fm = re. compile (r '"name":"(.*?)"' ) visitmore = fm.findall(vm.text) for i in visitmore: print i |
十、requests-cookies
Cookies就像字典一样储存了各个项的值并保存起来, 例如我们的用户名, 密码, 登录信息等都可以保存起来. 当网页再次被加载时可以从cookies中找到相关的信息并从而免除再次输入赋值的过程.
在requests中使用get等请求时同样可以赋予cookies信息. 例如我们从浏览器中获取某次网页加载时请求的cookies, 可以同样赋予requests再次使用.
requests请求时加入cookies={key:value}参数即可传递cookies.
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import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies' cookies = dict (cookies_are = 'working' ) r = requests.get(url, cookies = cookies) r.text #'{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}' |
查询某次请求的cookies很简单, 就像获得headers一样使用cookies属性即可:
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url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' r = requests.get(url) r.cookies[ 'example_cookie_name' ] # 'example_cookie_value' |
以下函数可以分解浏览器获得的cookies字符串到一个字典,从而帮助我们模拟requests请求.
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def browsercookiesdict(s): '''Covert cookies string from browser to a dict''' ss = s.split( ';' ) outdict = {} for item in ss: i1 = item.split( '=' , 1 )[ 0 ].strip() i2 = item.split( '=' , 1 )[ 1 ].strip() outdict[i1] = i2 return outdict |