概述
多重继承 (multiple inheritance): 一个派生类有两个或多个基类, 派生类从两个或多个基类中继承所需的属性. C++ 为了适应这种情况, 允许一个派生类同时继承多个基类. 这种行为称为多重继承.
优缺点
优点
- 自然地做到了对单继承的扩展
- 可以继承多个类的功能
缺点
- 结构复杂化
- 优先顺序模糊
- 功能冲突
声明多重继承的方法
格式
多重继承的格式:
派生类构造函数名(总形式参数表列): 基类1构造函数(实际参数表列), 基类2构造函数(实际参数表列), 基类3构造函数(实际参数表列) { 派生类中新增数成员据成员初始化语句 }
例子
Teacher 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_TEACHER_H #define PROJECT5_TEACHER_H #include <string> using namespace std; class Teacher { protected: string name; int age; string title; public: Teacher(string n, int a, string t); void display_teacher(); }; #endif //PROJECT5_TEACHER_H
Teacher.cpp:
#include <iostream> #include "Teacher.h" using namespace std; Teacher::Teacher(string n, int a, string t) : name(n), age(a), title(t) {} void Teacher::display_teacher() { cout << "Teacher name: " << name << endl; cout << "age: " << age << endl; cout << "title: " << title << endl; }
Student 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_STUDENT_H #define PROJECT5_STUDENT_H #include <string> using namespace std; class Student { protected: string name; char gender; double score; public: Student(string n, char g, double s); void display_student(); }; #endif //PROJECT5_STUDENT_H
Student.cpp:
#include <iostream> #include "Student.h" using namespace std; Student::Student(string n, char g, double s) : name(n), gender(g), score(s) {} void Student::display_student() { cout << "Student name: " << name << endl; cout << "gender: " << gender << endl; cout << "score: " << score << endl; }
Graduate 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H #define PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H #include "Teacher.h" #include "Student.h" #include <string> using namespace std; class Graduate : public Teacher, public Student{ private: double wage; public: Graduate(string t_n, int t_a, string t_t, string s_n, char s_g, double s_s); void display_graduate(); }; #endif //PROJECT5_GRADUATE_H
Graduate.cpp:
#include "Graduate.h" Graduate::Graduate(string t_n, int t_a, string t_t, string s_n, char s_g, double s_s) : Teacher(t_n, t_a, t_t), Student(s_n, s_g, s_s) {} void Graduate::display_graduate() { display_teacher(); display_student(); }
main:
#include <iostream> #include "Graduate.h" using namespace std; int main() { Graduate graduate1("王叔叔", 18, "隔壁老王", "我是小白呀", 'f', 99); graduate1.display_graduate(); return 0; }
输出结果:
Teacher name: 王叔叔 age: 18 title: 隔壁老王 Student name: 我是小白呀 gender: f score: 99
二义性
二义性 (Ambiguity) 指在多重继承中, 两个基类中的数据成员名相同.
二义性在派生类中的解决方法:
- 在标识符前用类名做前缀: Teacher::name 和 Student::name
- 基类和派生类需要有一个完整的设计, 不能随意而为
两个基类有同名成员
A 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_A_H #define PROJECT5_A_H #include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { public: int num; void display() {cout << "A's num:" << num << endl;}; }; #endif //PROJECT5_A_H
B 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_B_H #define PROJECT5_B_H #include <iostream> using namespace std; class B { public: int num; void display() {cout << "B's num:" << num << endl;}; }; #endif //PROJECT5_B_H
C 类:
#ifndef PROJECT5_C_H #define PROJECT5_C_H #include <iostream> #include "A.h" #include "B.h" using namespace std; class C: public A, public B{ public: int c; void display() {cout << c << endl;}; }; #endif //PROJECT5_C_H
main:
#include <iostream> #include "C.h" using namespace std; int main() { C c1; c1.A::num = 1; // 用基类名限定 c1.B::num = 2; // 用基类名限定 c1.A::display(); c1.B::display(); return 0; }
输出结果:
A's num:1 B's num:2
错误的写法
#include <iostream> #include "C.h" using namespace std; int main() { C c1; c1.num = 1; c1.display(); return 0; }
基类和派生类有同名成员
A 类:
class A { public: int num; void display() {cout << "A's num:" << num << endl;}; };
B 类:
class B { public: int num; void display() {cout << "B's num:" << num << endl;}; };
C 类:
class C: public A, public B{ public: int num; void display() {cout << "C's num:" << num << endl;}; };
main:
int main() { C c1; c1.num = 3; c1.A::num = 1; c1.B::num = 2; c1.display(); c1.A::display(); c1.B::display(); return 0; }
输出结果:
C's num:3 A's num:1 B's num:2
同名覆盖:
- 基类的同名成员在派生类中被屏蔽, 成为 "不可见"的
- 对成员函数, 限于函数名和参数个数相同, 类型相匹配. 若只有函数名相同而参数不同, 属于函数重载
两个基类从同一个基类派生
N 类:
class N { public: int a; void display(){ cout << "A::a=" << a <<endl; } };
A 类:
class A : public N { public: int a1; };
B 类:
class B : public N { public: int a2; };
C 类:
class C: public A, public B{ public: int a3; void display() {cout << "a3=" << a3 << endl;}; };
main:
int main() { C c1; // 合法访问 c1.A::a = 3; c1.A::display(); return 0; }
输出结果:
A::a=3
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46274168/article/details/116729769