operator模块是python中内置的操作符函数接口,它定义了一些算术和比较内置操作的函数。operator模块是用c实现的,所以执行速度比python代码快。
逻辑操作
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from operator import * a = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] b = a print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print print 'not_(a) :' , not_(a) print 'truth(a) :' , truth(a) print 'is_(a, b) :' , is_(a, b) print 'is_not(a, b) :' , is_not(a, b) |
打印结果:
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a = [1, 2, 3] b = [1, 2, 3] not_(a) : False truth(a) : True is_(a, b) : True is_not(a, b): False |
可以通过结果知道,operator的一些操作函数与原本的运算是相同的。
比较操作符
operator提供丰富的比较操作。
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a = 3 b = 5 print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print for func in (lt, le, eq, ne, ge, gt): print '{0}(a, b):' . format (func.__name__), func(a, b) |
打印结果
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a = 3 b = 5 lt(a, b): True le(a, b): True eq(a, b): False ne(a, b): True ge(a, b): False gt(a, b): False |
这些函数等价于<、<=、==、>=和>的表达式语法。
算术操作符
处理数字的算术操作符也得到支持。
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a, b, c, d = - 1 , 2 , - 3 , 4 print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print 'c =' , c print 'd =' , d print '\nPositive/Negative:' print 'abs(a):' , abs (a) print 'neg(a):' , neg(a) print 'neg(b):' , neg(b) print 'pos(a):' , pos(a) print 'pos(b):' , pos(b) |
打印结果
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a = -1 b = 2 c = -3 d = 4 Positive/Negative: abs(a): 1 neg(a): 1 neg(b): -2 pos(a): -1 pos(b): 2 |
abs返回值得绝对值,neg返回(-obj), pos返回(+obj)。
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a = - 2 b = 5.0 print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print '\nArithmetic' print 'add(a, b) :' , add(a, b) print 'div(a, b) :' , div(a, b) print 'floordiv(a, b) :' , floordiv(a, b) print 'mod(a, b) :' , mod(a, b) print 'mul(a, b) :' , mul(a, b) print 'pow(a, b) :' , pow (a, b) print 'sub(a, b) :' , sub(a, b) print 'truediv(a, b) :' , truediv(a, b) |
打印结果
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a = -2 b = 5.0 Arithmetic add(a, b) : 3.0 div(a, b) : -0.4 floordiv(a, b) : -1.0 mod(a, b) : 3.0 # 查看负数取模 mul(a, b) : -10.0 pow(a, b) : -32.0 sub(a, b) : -7.0 truediv(a, b) : -0.4 |
mod表示取模, mul 表示相乘,pow是次方, sub表示相减
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a = 2 b = 6 print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print '\nBitwise:' print 'and_(a, b) :' , and_(a, b) print 'invert(a) :' , invert(a) print 'lshift(a, b) :' , lshift(a, b) print 'or_(a, b) :' , or_(a, b) print 'rshift(a, b) :' , rshift(a, b) print 'xor(a, b) :' , xor(a, b) |
打印结果
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a = 2 b = 6 Bitwise: and_(a, b) : 2 invert(a) : -3 lshift(a, b) : 128 or_(a, b) : 6 rshift(a, b) : 0 xor(a, b) : 4 |
and 表示按位与, invert 表示取反操作, lshift表示左位移, or表示按位或, rshift表示右位移,xor表示按位异或。
原地操作符
即in-place操作, x += y 等同于 x = iadd(x, y), 如果复制给其他变量比如z = iadd(x, y)等同与z = x; z += y。
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a = 3 b = 4 c = [ 1 , 2 ] d = [ 'a' , 'b' ] print 'a =' , a print 'b =' , b print 'c =' , c print 'd =' , d print a = iadd(a, b) print 'a = iadd(a, b) =>' , a print c = iconcat(c, d) print 'c = iconcat(c, d) =>' , c |
属性和元素的获取方法
operator模块最特别的特性之一就是获取方法的概念,获取方法是运行时构造的一些可回调对象,用来获取对象的属性或序列的内容,获取方法在处理迭代器或生成器序列的时候特别有用,它们引入的开销会大大降低lambda或Python函数的开销。
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from operator import * class MyObj( object ): def __init__( self , arg): super (MyObj, self ).__init__() self .arg = arg def __repr__( self ): return 'MyObj(%s)' % self .arg objs = [MyObj(i) for i in xrange ( 5 )] print "Object:" , objs g = attrgetter( "arg" ) vals = [g(i) for i in objs] print "arg values:" , vals objs.reverse() print "reversed:" , objs print "sorted:" , sorted (objs, key = g) |
结果:
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Object: [MyObj(0), MyObj(1), MyObj(2), MyObj(3), MyObj(4)] arg values: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] reversed: [MyObj(4), MyObj(3), MyObj(2), MyObj(1), MyObj(0)] sorted: [MyObj(0), MyObj(1), MyObj(2), MyObj(3), MyObj(4)] |
属性获取方法类似于
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lambda x, n = 'attrname' : getattr (x,nz) |
元素获取方法类似于
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lambda x,y = 5 :x[y] |
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from operator import * l = [ dict (val = - 1 * i) for i in xrange ( 4 )] print "dictionaries:" , l g = itemgetter( "val" ) vals = [g(i) for i in l] print "values: " , vals print "sorted:" , sorted (l, key = g) l = [(i,i * - 2 ) for i in xrange ( 4 )] print "tuples: " , l g = itemgetter( 1 ) vals = [g(i) for i in l] print "values:" , vals print "sorted:" , sorted (l, key = g) |
结果如下:
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dictionaries: [{'val': 0}, {'val': -1}, {'val': -2}, {'val': -3}] values: [0, -1, -2, -3] sorted: [{'val': -3}, {'val': -2}, {'val': -1}, {'val': 0}] tuples: [(0, 0), (1, -2), (2, -4), (3, -6)] values: [0, -2, -4, -6] sorted: [(3, -6), (2, -4), (1, -2), (0, 0)] |
除了序列之外,元素获取方法还适用于映射。
结合操作符和定制类
operator模块中的函数通过相应操作的标准Python接口完成工作,所以它们不仅适用于内置类型,还适用于用户自定义类型。
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from operator import * class MyObj( object ): def __init__( self , val): super (MyObj, self ).__init__() self .val = val return def __str__( self ): return "MyObj(%s)" % self .val def __lt__( self , other): return self .val < other.val def __add__( self , other): return MyObj( self .val + other.val) a = MyObj( 1 ) b = MyObj( 2 ) print lt(a, b) print add(a,b) |
结果如下所示:
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True MyObj(3) |
类型检查
operator 模块还包含一些函数用来测试映射、数字和序列类型的API兼容性。
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from operator import * class NoType( object ): pass class MultiType( object ): def __len__( self ): return 0 def __getitem__( self , name): return "mapping" def __int__( self ): return 0 o = NoType() t = MultiType() for func in [isMappingType, isNumberType, isSequenceType]: print "%s(o):" % func.__name__, func(o) print "%s(t):" % func.__name__, func(t) |
结果如下:
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isMappingType(o): False isMappingType(t): True isNumberType(o): False isNumberType(t): True isSequenceType(o): False isSequenceType(t): True |
但是这些测试并不完善,因为借口没有严格定义。
获取对象方法
使用methodcaller可以获取对象的方法。
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from operator import methodcaller class Student( object ): def __init__( self , name): self .name = name def getName( self ): return self .name stu = Student( "Jim" ) func = methodcaller( 'getName' ) print func(stu) # 输出Jim |
还可以给方法传递参数:
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f = methodcaller( 'name' , 'foo' , bar = 1 ) f(b) # return b.name('foo', bar=1) methodcaller方法等价于下面这个函数: def methodcaller(name, * args, * * kwargs): def caller(obj): return getattr (obj, name)( * args, * * kwargs) return caller |